edgepedia

Society and history

127,669 articles

Arvind Krishnamurthy

Arvind Krishnamurthy is an American financial economist, John S. Osterweis Professor of Finance at Stanford's business school since 2015, known for research on debt markets, financial crises, and quantitative easing.

Arvind Kumar Sharma

Arvind Kumar Sharma is an Indian politician and dental surgeon who serves as a Haryana cabinet minister, elected from Gohana in 2024 after representing Rohtak in the Lok Sabha.

Arvind Lal

Arvind Lal, also known as Brigadier Arvind Lal, is an Indian pathologist and Executive Chairman of Dr Lal PathLabs, which he joined in 1977 and built into India's leading diagnostic chain.

Arvind Sawant

Born in 1951, Arvind Ganpat Sawant is a politician of the Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb. Thackeray) who has represented Mumbai South in the Lok Sabha since 2014.

Arvind Singh Mewar (अरविंद सिंह मेवाड़)

Arvind Singh Mewar (अरविंद सिंह मेवाड़) was an Indian hotelier, heir of the royal House of Mewar of Udaipur, who chaired the HRH Group of Hotels until his death in 2025.

Arvind Subramanian

Arvind Subramanian, Indian economist and India's Chief Economic Adviser 2014-2018, PIIE senior fellow; known for the GST design, the Economic Survey, and his 2019 claim that India's GDP growth was overstated by about 2.5 percentage points per year.

Arwa al-Sulayhi

Arwa al-Sulayhi (أروى بنت أحمد), known as al-Sayyida al-Hurra, was a queen of Yemen's Sulayhid dynasty who ruled from 1084 until her death in 1138, the dynasty's longest reign.

Arwa's break with Cairo and recognition of the Tayyibi imamate (1130)

Arwa's break with Cairo and recognition of the Tayyibi imamate (انفصال الملكة أروى إلى الطيبية) was Queen Arwa of Yemen's 1130 recognition of al-Tayyib as imam, splitting the Musta'li Ismailis.

Arwad (أرواد)

Arwad (أرواد), known in antiquity as Arados, is an island off Tartous, Syria's only inhabited island and the principal city of northern Phoenicia, occupied for about 5,000 years.

Arwad bilingual

The Arwad bilingual is a Greek-Phoenician dedicatory inscription found on the island of Arwad, Syria, dated to 25/4 BC, pairing Hermes with Herakles and Melqart; the stone is in the Louvre.

Arwium

Arwium, whose name means "male gazelle", is a legendary early king of Kish in the Sumerian King List, son of Mašda, credited with a 720-year reign.

Ary Chalus

Ary Chalus is a French politician from Guadeloupe who serves as President of the Regional Council of Guadeloupe, leads the movement Alliance guadeloupéenne, and has prioritized water, security, and institutional evolution.

ARY Digital

ARY Digital is the flagship Urdu entertainment channel of Pakistan's Dubai-based ARY Digital Network, founded by Haji Abdul Razzak Yaqoob and led by CEO Salman Iqbal; launched from London in 2000, it leads Pakistani entertainment viewership and moved dramas from YouTube to its ARY Plus app in September 2026.

Arya (Iran)

Arya (Old Persian ariya, Avestan airya, Middle Persian ēr) is the ancient Iranian self-designation behind Sasanian Ērānšahr, the 'king of kings of ērān and anērān' titles, and the modern name Iran.

Arya Samaj (आर्य समाज)

Arya Samaj (आर्य समाज, "Society of Nobles") is a Hindu reform movement founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, calling for a return to the Vedas as the sole revealed authority.

Arya Wiraraja

Arya Wiraraja, known in the Pararaton as Banyak Wide, was a Javanese official and strategist who helped Raden Wijaya found Majapahit in 1293, then ruled Lamajang Tigang Juru.

Aryabhatiya

The Aryabhatiya (आर्यभटीय) is a Sanskrit astronomical and mathematical treatise in verse by Aryabhata, completed in 499 CE, covering numeration, pi, sine tables, and the Earth's rotation.

Aryadeva

Aryadeva (Tibetan Pakpa Lha, Chinese Tipo) was a Buddhist Madhyamaka philosopher active around 225–250 CE, traditionally a Sri Lankan prince who became Nāgārjuna's foremost disciple and wrote the Catuḥśataka.

Aryamani

Aryamani was a king of Kush who ruled from Meroë in the early Meroitic period, first half of the 3rd century BC, known above all from donation stelae found at Kawa.

Aryan

Aryan: English form of Sanskrit ā́rya and Avestan airiia, self-designation of ancient Indo-Iranian speakers; properly names the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European, later misused as a racial label by race theorists and Nazi ideology.

Aryan Brotherhood

Aryan Brotherhood (AB, "the Brand"): white supremacist prison gang formed in California prisons in the 1960s, now also in the federal system; RICO prosecutions, drug trafficking, murder-for-hire; distinct from Aryan Brotherhood of Texas.

Aryan Brotherhood of Texas

Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT), white supremacist prison gang and organized crime group founded in the early 1980s in the Texas prison system; unrelated to the California Aryan Brotherhood; run by five generals; dismantled by federal racketeering prosecutions in 2012-2014 and 2017.

Aryan Nations

Aryan Nations, also the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, was Richard Butler's Christian Identity and neo-Nazi white supremacist group at Hayden Lake, Idaho, from the mid-1970s; it lost its compound in a 2000 lawsuit and collapsed after his 2004 death.

Aryan race

Aryan race: obsolete pseudoscientific concept racializing "Aryan" (ārya, airya), originally a linguistic self-designation of Indo-Iranian peoples; developed by Gobineau and philology, codified in Nazi law, scientifically refuted.

Aryashura

Aryashura (आर्यशूर) was a 4th-century Indian Buddhist monk and Sanskrit poet, from the same school as Ashvaghosha, who composed the Jatakamala, 34 stories of the Buddha's past lives.

Aryat (Aksumite general)

Aryat, also written Ariat, is the commander whom Arabic tradition credits with leading the Aksumite invasion of Himyarite Yemen around 525, ending with his death in a duel with Abraha.

Aryavarta campaigns of Samudragupta

The Aryavarta campaigns of Samudragupta (समुद्रगुप्त) were the Gupta emperor's northern conquests, in which he uprooted nine kings of north India and annexed their kingdoms to the Gupta Empire.

Arye Kohavi

Arye Kohavi is an Israeli entrepreneur and former IDF Special Forces company commander who founded Watergen in 2009; its patented technology condenses humidity into drinking water.

Aryenis

Aryenis was a princess of Lydia, daughter of King Alyattes and sister of Croesus, given in marriage to Astyages of Media to seal the peace of 585 BC.

Arzawa

Arzawa was a kingdom, or group of kingdoms, in western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, the Hittites' most powerful western rival until its power was broken by Mursili II.