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Brazilian cruzado
The Brazilian cruzado (Cz$) was the currency of Brazil from 1986 to 1989, created under President Sarney's Plano Cruzado and replaced at 1,000 to 1 by the cruzado novo.
Brazilian cruzado novo
The Brazilian cruzado novo (NCz$) was Brazil's currency from 16 January 1989 to 16 March 1990, created by renaming the cruzado at 1,000 to 1 under the Summer Plan.
Brazilian cruzeiro
The Brazilian cruzeiro was the name of three distinct Brazilian currencies between 1942 and 1993, ending with the cruzeiro real, which the real replaced in 1994.
Brazilian cruzeiro real
The Brazilian cruzeiro real (CR$) was Brazil's currency from August 1993 to June 1994, created under President Itamar Franco by renaming the cruzeiro at 1,000 to 1.
Brazilian Democratic Movement
Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB, formerly PMDB): Brazil's oldest political party, founded 24 March 1966 as the legal opposition under military rule; centrist, coalition-pragmatic, 42 deputies and 8 senators elected in 2022.
Brazilian economic miracle
The Brazilian economic miracle (milagre econômico) was a 1968 to 1973 period when Brazil's GDP grew about 11% a year while inflation fell, ending with the 1973 oil shock.
Brazilian Expeditionary Force
The Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Força Expedicionária Brasileira, FEB, the Smoking Cobras) was Brazil's roughly 25,000-man division-plus force under General Mascarenhas de Moraes that fought with the US Fifth Army in Italy, 1944-1945, the only Latin American ground force in the European theater.
Brazilian hyperinflation
Brazilian hyperinflation was an extreme inflationary episode peaking at 2,491% in 1993, driven by deficits and indexation and ended by the Plano Real currency reform in 1994.
Brazilian Labour Party
The Brazilian Labour Party (Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro, PTB) was a Brazilian political party founded under Getúlio Vargas in 1945 and extinguished by the military government in 1965.
Brazilian monarchist movement
The Brazilian monarchist movement seeks to restore the constitutional monarchy abolished by the 1889 military coup, and it campaigns through petition drives and the Orléans e Bragança family.
Brazilian National Congress
The Brazilian National Congress (Congresso Nacional) is Brazil's bicameral federal legislature: a 513-member Chamber of Deputies elected by open-list proportional representation and an 81-member Federal Senate, operating under the 1988 Constitution with budget, oversight and impeachment powers.
Brazilian Navy
The Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil) is the naval branch of Brazil's armed forces, one of the two strongest navies in Latin America alongside Argentina's.
Brazilian Portuguese
Brazilian Portuguese (português brasileiro) is the Portuguese variety spoken in Brazil by over 200 million people, one of two major norms of a pluricentric language, differing from European Portuguese in palatalized t/d, vowel reduction, clitic placement, word order, and vocabulary.
Brazilian real
The Brazilian real (plural réais, symbol R$) is the currency of Brazil, in force since July 1994, when it replaced the cruzeiro real and ended hyperinflation.
Brazilian Revolution of 1930
The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 (Revolução de 1930) was an armed political-military movement launched on 3 October 1930 that deposed Washington Luís and brought Getúlio Vargas to power.
Brazilian Sign Language
Brazilian Sign Language (Libras, Língua Brasileira de Sinais) is Brazil's visual-spatial sign language, legally recognized by Law 10.436/2002 and Decree 5.626/2005, with its own grammar, topic-comment syntax, and documented interpreter shortages in health services.
Brazilian Social Democracy Party
The Brazilian Social Democracy Party (Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira, PSDB) is a Brazilian political party founded in 1988, led by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who was president from 1995 to 2002.
Brazilian Socialist Party
Brazilian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Brasileiro, PSB), Brazilian party number 40, founded 1947 from the Esquerda Democrática and refounded 1987; motto Socialismo e Liberdade; João Mangabeira first president, Geraldo Alckmin its vice president.
Brazilian War of Independence
The Brazilian War of Independence was the 1822 to 1824 armed conflict between Prince Regent Pedro and Portugal that secured Brazil's proclaimed separation across its whole territory.
Brazilians
Brazilians: people of Brazil, legally defined by jus soli nationality and statistically by self-declared color/race. Formed by Portuguese colonization, Atlantic slavery, and mass post-1822 immigration; parda plurality in the 2022 census.
Brazzaville Conference
The Brazzaville Conference (Conférence de Brazzaville) was a 1944 meeting of French colonial governors convened by de Gaulle in Brazzaville, rejecting colonial autonomy yet setting French Black Africa toward independence in 1960.
Bre-X
Bre-X, also known as Bre-X Minerals, was a mining company whose claimed gold discovery at Busang, Borneo, collapsed in 1997 in one of history's largest mining frauds.
Breach and termination of guaranteed neutrality
Breach and termination of guaranteed neutrality: how treaty-guaranteed neutralized states (Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg) were violated, notably by Germany in 1914 and 1940, and how Belgian neutrality was formally abrogated under Versailles Article 31 and Locarno.
Breach of contract
Breach of contract: failure without lawful excuse to perform contractual obligations, by non-performance, defective or delayed performance, or renunciation. Covers material versus minor breach, anticipatory breach, termination, expectation damages, mitigation, liquidated damages, and CISG remedies.
Breach of the peace
Breach of the peace is a UK common law concept covering actual or threatened violence disturbing public order. Defined by R v Howell [1982]; limited by Laporte's imminence test; in Scotland a common law crime.
Breaches of the Great Dam of Marib
The breaches of the Great Dam of Marib were the recorded failures of the ancient irrigation dam at Maʾrib in Yemen, with the final breach traditionally dated around AD 570.
Bread and circuses
Bread and circuses (panem et circenses), from Juvenal's Satire 10.77–81, names the Roman grain dole and public games; a phrase for pacifying a populace with food and entertainment.
Breadcrumbing
Breadcrumbing: sending intermittent, vague messages of interest to keep a dating partner hooked without intending commitment; colloquial term from Hansel and Gretel, driven by intermittent reinforcement, linked to loneliness and reduced life satisfaction.
Break-even
The break-even point, or breakeven point, is the sales level at which total revenue equals total cost, so the business makes neither profit nor loss.
Break-even analysis
Break-even analysis is a managerial accounting technique that finds the sales volume or revenue at which total revenue equals total cost, so the business earns exactly zero profit.