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Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charte canadienne des droits et libertés), or the Charter, is Canada's constitutional bill of rights, in force since 1982.
Canadian Confederation
Canadian Confederation: the 1867 union of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada under the British North America Act, negotiated at Charlottetown, Quebec City, and London.
Canadian content
Canadian content (CanCon, Contenu canadien) is the CRTC's Broadcasting Act-based quota and certification system for Canadian-made radio, TV, and streaming material, using MAPL for music and a 6/10-point test for TV and film, now extended to streamers at 15% of Canadian revenues.
Canadian Deaf Theatre
Canadian Deaf theatre: Deaf-led and mixed deaf-hearing theatre in Canada, from the Canadian Theatre of the Deaf to Deaf Crows Collective in Regina and Edmonton's SOUND OFF festival, using ASL, LSQ, and visual performance.
Canadian defamation law
Canadian defamation law: common law tort requiring defamatory words, reference, and publication, with falsity and damage presumed; key defence is responsible communication on matters of public interest from Grant v. Torstar (2009), plus anti-SLAPP laws and Criminal Code defamatory libel.
Canadian dollar
The Canadian dollar, also known as the Dollar canadien, is Canada's currency, issued as notes by the Bank of Canada and coins by the Royal Canadian Mint.
Canadian electoral system
Canadian federal electoral system: first-past-the-post (single-member plurality) voting in 343 ridings for the House of Commons, run by Elections Canada under the Canada Elections Act, with fixed October election dates and independent boundary redistribution.
Canadian English
Canadian English, the variety of English spoken in Canada, originated as northern American English shaped by British and American norms; features Canadian Raising, British-leaning spelling like colour, and growing Americanization since 1972.
Canadian ethnicity
Canadian ethnicity is the self-reported ethnic or cultural ancestry recorded in Canada's census; over 450 origins appeared in 2021, led by Canadian, English, Irish, Scottish and French origins.
Canadian Expeditionary Force
Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), Canada's overseas force of the First World War, authorized 6 August 1914; over 620,000 served, its Canadian Corps fought at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele, disbanded 1919.
Canadian folklore
Canadian folklore: traditional folktales, songs, customs, and beliefs of Canada's Indigenous, Francophone, Anglophone, and other communities; collected by Marius Barbeau, mapped by Fowke's 3,877-item bibliography, and studied at Memorial University's folklore department and MUNFLA archive.
Canadian Forces base
Canadian Forces base (CFB): a Canadian Armed Forces military installation providing accommodation and support services, distinct from a minor Canadian Forces Station and an Air Force wing; about 20 CFBs plus stations and support units span Canada, on a $28 billion real property portfolio.
Canadian French
Canadian French, or français canadien, is the set of French varieties spoken in Canada, descended from the French of 17th- and 18th-century New France, principally Quebec French and Acadian French.
Canadian Future Party
Canadian Future Party (CFP): centrist Canadian federal party registered August 8, 2024 and launched in Ottawa by Dominic Cardy; socially liberal, fiscally conservative, evidence-based platform, 5% GDP defence goal, mixed member proportional reform, marginal vote results so far.
Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples
Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples: characterization of Canada's treatment of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis as genocide, centered on residential schools (150,000+ children, 1870s–1990s), the Indian Act, and findings by the TRC (cultural genocide, 2015) and the MMIWG inquiry (race-based genocide, 2019).
Canadian Human Rights Act
Canadian Human Rights Act (CHRA), federal Canadian statute enacted 1977 prohibiting discrimination in employment and services under federal jurisdiction on the grounds listed in s. 3(1), administered by the Canadian Human Rights Commission and adjudicated by the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal.
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (Tribunal canadien des droits de la personne): independent federal administrative tribunal deciding discrimination complaints under the Canadian Human Rights Act, established in its current form by 1998 amendments, with added Pay Equity Act and Accessible Canada Act mandates.
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is a Canadian chartered bank formed in 1961 by Canada's largest chartered bank merger, now the fifth largest by market capitalization.
Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
Canadian Indian residential school gravesites are unmarked burials at former schools; the 215 Kamloops GPR findings of May 2021 (Le Estcwéy) triggered national searches, the Murray Special Interlocutor mandate, ICMP engagement, and verification limits.
Canadian Indian residential school system
The Canadian Indian residential school system was a church-run, federally funded network of over 139 boarding schools that about 150,000 First Nations, Inuit, and Métis children attended from the 1880s until the last closure in 1996, aimed at forced assimilation.
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Canada's federal health research funding agency created in 2000, succeeding the 1960 Medical Research Council; 13 virtual institutes, over $1 billion annual funding, peer-reviewed grants and training awards.
Canadian International Trade Tribunal
Canadian International Trade Tribunal (CITT, Tribunal canadien du commerce extérieur): independent quasi-judicial body handling Canadian trade remedy injury inquiries, federal procurement complaints, and customs and excise appeals; established December 31, 1988.
Canadian Labour Congress
The Canadian Labour Congress (Congrès du travail du Canada) is the national federation of trade unions in Canada, founded in 1956 and representing three million workers in over 50 unions.
Canadian Military Engineers
The Canadian Military Engineers are the military engineering branch of the Canadian Armed Forces, authorized in 1903 and known for combat engineering, construction, and disaster support at home and abroad.
Canadian National Vimy Memorial
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, also called the Vimy Memorial, is Walter Allward's 1925–1936 limestone monument on Hill 145, France, Canada's memorial to the First World War missing, bearing 11,285 names.
Canadian nationality law
Canadian nationality law, governed by the Citizenship Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-29), defines acquisition of Canadian citizenship by birth in Canada, descent, and naturalization; first-generation descent limit struck down 2023, removed by Bill C-3 in force December 15, 2025.
Canadian Natural Resources
Canadian Natural Resources is a Calgary-based crude oil and natural gas producer with record 2024 production of over 1,363,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day.
Canadian Pacific Kansas City
Canadian Pacific Kansas City is a Class I freight railway formed on April 14, 2023, when Canadian Pacific combined with Kansas City Southern, creating the first single-line railway linking Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
Canadian passport
The Canadian passport is the Government of Canada's travel document for Canadian citizens, issued as an ePassport since July 1, 2013. Regular blue passports have 38 pages, 5- or 10-year validity, and rank 7th on the Henley Passport Index with 183 visa-free destinations.
Canadian peacekeeping
Canadian peacekeeping is Canada's participation in United Nations peace operations, a practice it helped invent through Lester B. Pearson's Suez Crisis diplomacy, sending more than 125,000 personnel since 1954.