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Comprehensive Gazetteer of the Realm (Huanyu tongzhi)
The Comprehensive Gazetteer of the Realm (Huanyu tongzhi, 寰宇通志) is a Ming general gazetteer whose suppression erased the Jingtai emperor's cultural credit; it reappeared only in 1947.
Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income is the change in a company's equity from all nonowner sources, equal to net income plus other comprehensive income, under both US GAAP and IFRS.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), adopted 10 September 1996, bans all nuclear explosions everywhere but has not entered into force: 187 signatories, 178 ratifiers, and 9 of 44 Annex 2 states still needed, including the US, China, and Russia, which revoked ratification in 2023.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization
CTBTO (Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization) is the Vienna-based interim body building the CTBT verification regime: 321-station IMS, IDC in Vienna, on-site inspections pending entry into force; 188 signatories, 179 ratifiers.
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement, or Naivasha Agreement, signed 9 January 2005 in Nairobi by Sudan's government and the SPLM/A, ended the Second Sudanese Civil War through IGAD-mediated power- and wealth-sharing and led to South Sudan's 2011 independence.
Comprehensive school
Comprehensive school: non-selective state secondary school admitting pupils of all abilities without entrance exams; emerged in England and Wales after the 1944 Butler Act, expanded via Circular 10/65, replacing grammar, technical, and secondary modern schools.
Comprehensive sex education
Comprehensive sex education (comprehensive sexuality education, CSE) is curriculum-based, scientifically accurate, age-appropriate teaching on sexuality, relationships, consent, and reproductive health. Evidence shows it delays sexual initiation and increases contraceptive use, unlike ineffective abstinence-only programs.
Comprehensive Treatises of the Qing (Qingchao wenxian tongkao)
The Comprehensive Treatises of the Qing (清朝文獻通考), originally titled Huangchao wenxian tongkao, is an imperially commissioned Qing compendium in 300 juan and 26 treatises recording the dynasty's institutions to 1785, completed in 1787.
Compromise of 1790
The Compromise of 1790, or dinner table bargain, was a First Congress deal in which Madison allowed federal assumption of state war debts in exchange for a Potomac capital after ten years in Philadelphia, via the Residence and Funding Acts of 1790.
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850: five September 1850 statutes, from Henry Clay's resolutions and Stephen Douglas's substitute bills, admitting California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico under popular sovereignty, paying Texas $10 million, and enacting the Fugitive Slave Act.
Compromise of 1877
Compromise of 1877: informal, unwritten bargain settling the disputed 1876 election between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes (185-184 electoral votes via an 8-7 Electoral Commission), trading the presidency for withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.
CompStat
CompStat is a data-driven police performance-management system introduced in the NYPD in 1994 under William Bratton, combining regular crime-statistics meetings with commander accountability; it spread widely but crime-reduction evidence is limited.
Compton's Cafeteria riot
The Compton's Cafeteria riot was an August 1966 uprising by trans women, drag queens, and sex workers against police harassment at a 24-hour Tenderloin diner in San Francisco, three years before Stonewall, rediscovered by historian Susan Stryker.
Comptroller
Comptroller: a senior official overseeing accounts, financial management, and audit; the title spans corporate accounting executives, elected city and state CFOs like the NYC and Texas Comptrollers, and national audit heads such as the US Comptroller General of the GAO and India's CAG.
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) is the constitutional authority appointed under Article 148 that audits Union and State government accounts and reports to Parliament.
Compulsory education
Compulsory education legally requires children to receive schooling for a set period, typically ages 6 to 14, with the first such law adopted in Gotha in 1642.
Compulsory education in Japan
Compulsory education in Japan (義務教育, gimu kyōiku) requires nine years of schooling for all children ages 6 to 15, established in its modern form by the education laws of 1947.
Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China
The Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China (义务教育法) is a national statute adopted in 1986 that established nine-year compulsory education throughout China, and was comprehensively revised in 2006.
Compulsory heterosexuality
Compulsory heterosexuality, from Adrienne Rich's 1980 essay 'Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence' in Signs, is the feminist claim that heterosexuality is an imposed institution, not a natural default, involving male identification and the lesbian continuum.
Compulsory sterilization
Compulsory sterilization is surgical sterilization without a person's informed consent, ordered by a state and now recognized as a human rights violation.
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting, or mandatory voting, legally requires enfranchised citizens to vote, with 32 countries having such laws and about 19 enforcing them through fines, disenfranchisement, or service restrictions; it raises turnout but shows limited effects on political engagement.
Computable general equilibrium modeling
Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is a class of numerical economic models that solves for prices, quantities, and welfare across an entire economy under a policy scenario.
Computational complexity of ranking-rule winner determination
The computational complexity of ranking-rule winner determination studies how hard it is to compute winners under the Dodgson, Young, and Kemeny voting rules, whose problems sit at or above the second level of the polynomial hierarchy.
Computational linguistics
Computational linguistics, closely tied to natural language processing (NLP), is the scientific study of language from a computational perspective. Founded around 1950s machine translation, it spans syntax, semantics, corpora, and large language models.
Computational theory of mind
Computational theory of mind (CTM, computationalism): the view that the mind literally is a computational system and thought is computation. Covers Putnam's machine functionalism, Fodor's language of thought, connectionism, and the Chinese Room and symbol grounding objections.
Computer ethics
Computer ethics is the branch of applied ethics studying moral questions raised by computing, rooted in Norbert Wiener's cybernetics, named by Walter Maner in the 1970s, and embodied in professional codes such as the ACM Code of Ethics.
Computer History Museum
The Computer History Museum is a nonprofit museum of computing history in Mountain View, California, with a collection of more than 1 million items and over 1,300 oral histories.
Computer literacy
Computer literacy is the knowledge and skill to use computers and digital technologies effectively, a term popularized in the 1980s, now often framed as digital literacy with frameworks like DigComp, ICILS, and PISA, and EU 2030 skill targets.
Computer-assisted instruction
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) delivers interactive drill-and-practice, tutorial, and simulation lessons by computer software, either alone or supplementing traditional teaching; Stanford demonstrated the first large-scale program in 1963.
Computerized adaptive testing
Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is an assessment method in which a computer selects each question to match the examinee's ability, cutting test length by at least 50% without losing precision.