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Cultural anthropology
Cultural anthropology, also known as socio-cultural anthropology, is the study of human cultural variation, from religion and politics to economics, and one of anthropology's four subdisciplines.
Cultural appropriation
Cultural appropriation is the taking of practices, symbols, artifacts, dress, music, or knowledge from one culture by members of another, typically across a power imbalance, without consent, credit, or compensation; also called cultural borrowing, distinct from exchange and appreciation.
Cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation: the process by which a minority group's language, norms, networks, and identity shift toward a dominant group. Distinct from integration and acculturation; spans Park's race relations cycle, Gordon's dimensions, and modern immigrant research.
Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
Cultural assimilation of Native Americans: US federal policy via the 1887 Dawes Act land allotment and boarding schools from Carlisle (1879), reversed by ICWA 1978 and Native American Languages Act 1990.
Cultural Bolshevism
Cultural Bolshevism (Kulturbolschewismus) was a Weimar-era and Nazi pejorative denouncing modern art, jazz, and avant-garde works as Bolshevik subversion, distinct from but tied to the Judeo-Bolshevism myth and used to justify purges of culture.
Cultural capital
Cultural capital (capital culturel), Pierre Bourdieu's sociological concept of non-financial social assets like education, tastes, and credentials, existing in embodied, objectified, and institutionalized forms, introduced with Passeron in 1964 and central to social reproduction theory.
Cultural Christians
A cultural Christian is a person who identifies with Christianity through heritage, upbringing, or national culture while often holding few doctrinal beliefs and rarely attending church.
Cultural discourse about the Gaza genocide
Cultural discourse about the Gaza genocide: academic, media, platform, and public debate over applying the term genocide to Israel's Gaza war since October 2023, including the IAGS 2025 resolution, ICJ proceedings, media framing studies, and content moderation controversies.
Cultural economics
Cultural economics, also known as economics of the arts, applies economic theory to the arts, heritage, and creative industries, dating to Baumol and Bowen's 1966 study.
Cultural genocide
Cultural genocide is the deliberate destruction of a group's culture, language, religion, and heritage. Coined within Lemkin's genocide concept, it was excluded from the 1948 Genocide Convention and remains a scholarly and political term.
Cultural globalization
Cultural globalization, also called the globalization of culture, is the worldwide intensification of cross-border cultural flows in media, arts, and language. Key debates: homogenization, hybridization, cultural imperialism, glocalization; trade in cultural goods reached US$254 billion by 2023.
Cultural hegemony
Cultural hegemony is the rule of one group's worldview through consent rather than force, developed by Antonio Gramsci in the Prison Notebooks (1929-1935) and later used in cultural studies, IR, and politics.
Cultural icon
Cultural icon: a person, object, image, text, or idea regarded as a representative symbol of a culture or movement. Also called iconic figure. Distinguished by cross-media iteration, collective meaning, and debated definitions in art history, semiotics, and cultural sociology.
Cultural identity
Cultural identity: a person's sense of belonging to a cultural group shaped by shared meanings, values, practices, and traditions; also called cultural self, contested between essentialist and fluid conceptions.
Cultural impact of the September 11 attacks
Cultural impact of the September 11 attacks: changes in American art, media, memory, identity, and daily life, including 24's debut, museum collecting, altered air travel security, and enduring collective memory.
Cultural imperialism
Cultural imperialism, also known as cultural colonization, describes how dominant states impose their culture and media on weaker ones, a theory developed by Herbert Schiller in the 1970s.
Cultural mapping
Cultural mapping is a participatory qualitative method for collecting and recording a community's cultural resources, networks, and patterns of usage, usually to inform planning, policy, or heritage work.
Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory: a far-right, antisemitic narrative blaming the Frankfurt School and Western Marxism for political correctness and progressive movements; promoted by Lind and LaRouche, cited by Breivik, and mainstreamed by politicians in the US, UK, Australia, and Europe.
Cultural references to donkeys
Cultural references to donkeys span myth, religion, folklore and language. Western depictions derive from Greek literature (stupid, lazy) and the Bible (humility, service), shaping everything from Aesop to Shrek.
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism (kulturrelativisme) is the anthropological principle that cultures are equally valid and must be understood in their own terms, associated with Boas, Benedict, and Herskovits, distinct from moral relativism, and criticized as self-refuting.
Cultural Revolution (文化大革命)
The Cultural Revolution (文化大革命, 1966–1976) was Mao Zedong's political purge and mass upheaval in China, driven by Red Guards, causing an estimated 1.1–1.6 million deaths, and ending with the Gang of Four's 1976 arrest.
Cultural Rule
Cultural Rule (Korean munhwa tongchi, Japanese Bunka Seiji) was the Japanese colonial policy in Korea from 1919 to about 1931, following the March First Movement.
Cultural studies
Cultural studies, or culture studies, is an interdisciplinary field analyzing how power and social relations are structured through culture, originating at the Birmingham Centre in 1964.
Cultural tourism
Cultural tourism is travel whose essential motivation is to experience a destination's cultural attractions, from monuments and museums to cuisine and festivals, accounting for roughly 40% of international tourist arrivals.
Cultural universal
A cultural universal is a cultural pattern found in every known human society. The concept is used in anthropology and related disciplines to investigate similarities across societies despite differences in customs, institutions,.
Culture
Culture: the beliefs, values, practices, and artifacts of a group, transmitted by social learning rather than genes. Also called enculturation; studied via cultural relativism (Boas, Benedict) and evolutionary models; over 150 definitions exist.
Culture industry
Culture industry (Kulturindustrie): Frankfurt School concept coined by Adorno and Horkheimer in Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944/1947), criticizing standardized, profit-driven mass cultural production, pseudo-individualization, and the pacification of audiences; distinct from the neutral 'cultural industries'.
Culture jamming
Culture jamming: anti-consumerist activist art that subverts ads and corporate messages via subvertising, détournement, and pranks; linked to Negativland, the BLF, BUGA UP, and Adbusters.
Culture of ancient Rome
Culture of ancient Rome: the languages, arts, religion, and daily life of the civilization lasting from about 1000 BC to AD 500, spanning Republic and Empire, shaped by Greek culture and provincial Romanization, with legacies in Romance languages, law, and architecture.
Culture of fear
Culture of fear: a socially reinforced climate of pervasive apprehension about threats, central to Glassner's and Furedi's theses and fear-of-crime research on media, politics, and measurement.