2,617 articles
Color of water
Color of water is the visual tint of a body of water, arising from water's intrinsic pale blue color and from dissolved substances like tannins, iron, and phytoplankton pigments.
Colorado River Aqueduct
The Colorado River Aqueduct is a 242-mile aqueduct in Southern California, built between 1933 and 1941 to pump Colorado River water from Lake Havasu to Lake Mathews near Riverside.
Colorado River Storage Project
The Colorado River Storage Project (CRSP) is a federal multi-purpose water and power project in the Upper Colorado River Basin, authorized by Congress on April 11, 1956.
Colorado–Big Thompson Project
The Colorado–Big Thompson Project is a Bureau of Reclamation diversion carrying Colorado River water under the Continental Divide to northeastern Colorado, authorized in 1937 and built from 1938 to 1956.
Columbia Basin Project
The Columbia Basin Project is a federal Bureau of Reclamation project in east central Washington that pumps Columbia River water from Grand Coulee Dam to irrigate about 671,000 acres.
Columbia River Treaty
The Columbia River Treaty is a 1961 agreement between Canada and the United States, ratified in 1964, that coordinates flood control and hydroelectric power generation in the Columbia River Basin.
Combined sewer
A combined sewer is a sewer system that carries sanitary sewage and stormwater through the same pipes, so heavy rain can trigger combined sewer overflows of untreated sewage to rivers.
Combined sewer overflow
A combined sewer overflow (CSO) is the discharge of untreated wastewater and stormwater into rivers, lakes, or coastal waters when rainfall exceeds the capacity of a combined sewer system.
Commission of sewers
A commission of sewers was an English local body, first recorded in 1258, that supervised drainage and sea defenses and levied rates on benefiting landholders.
Commodore Barry Bridge
The Commodore Barry Bridge is a steel cantilever truss bridge carrying U.S. Route 322 across the Delaware River between Chester, Pennsylvania, and Bridgeport, New Jersey, opened in 1974.
Community Rating System
The Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary FEMA program, created in 1990, that rewards communities for floodplain management exceeding minimum requirements with discounts on flood insurance premiums.
Compaction grouting
Compaction grouting is a ground improvement technique, pioneered in the United States in the 1950s, that densifies loose soil by injecting stiff, low-mobility grout to displace and compact it.
Compagnie universelle du canal interocéanique
The Compagnie universelle du canal interocéanique was a French company led by Ferdinand de Lesseps that tried to build a Panama canal from 1881 to 1889.
Comparison of immersed tube tunnels with bored tunnels and bridges
A comparison of the three principal ways to carry road or rail across a navigable waterway: immersed tube tunnels, bored tunnels beneath the bed, and bridges over it.
Compensation grouting
Compensation grouting is a geotechnical technique that injects cement grout between a tunnel and the structures above it to offset tunnelling settlement, first used in the UK at Waterloo Station and later beneath Big Ben.
Composting toilet
A composting toilet is a waterless or micro-flush sanitation system that decomposes human waste aerobically into humus, used where sewers, water, or suitable soil are unavailable.
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, known as CERP, is a federal-state program, authorized in 2000, to restore water flow in the Everglades while providing flood protection.
Compressed air tunneling
Compressed air tunneling is a construction method that pressurizes the tunnel so air pressure balances groundwater pressure, first used in 1879 and now confined mainly to brief TBM face interventions.
Compressed-air working in shield tunnels
Compressed-air working in shield tunnels is the practice of pressurizing a tunnel or TBM head chamber with air to hold back groundwater and stabilize the face during excavation.
Concentrically braced frame
A concentrically braced frame (CBF) is a steel lateral-force-resisting system whose diagonal braces carry load through axial forces, widely used for seismic and wind design.
Concession (contract)
A concession, or concession agreement, is a long-term contract granting a private company the right to operate public infrastructure, recovering costs mainly from user payments.
Concrete slump test
The concrete slump test, also called the Abrams test, measures the consistency of fresh concrete by how much a molded sample settles after the cone mold is removed.
Concrete-face rock-fill dam
A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is an embankment dam of compacted rockfill sealed by a reinforced-concrete upstream face carrying the water load; it became common in the 1990s.
Concrete-face rockfill dam
A concrete-face rockfill dam (CFRD) is an embankment dam built almost entirely of rockfill, with a reinforced concrete upstream face as the watertight barrier, preferred for dams over 100 m.
Condit Dam removal
Condit removal was the deliberate breaching of the Condit Hydroelectric Project, a 125-foot concrete gravity dam on the White Salmon River, occurring in Washington on October 26, 2011.
Condit Hydroelectric Project
The Condit Hydroelectric Project was a 14-megawatt PacifiCorp dam on the White Salmon River in Washington State, operating from 1913 until its removal in 2012.
Cone penetration test
The cone penetration test (CPT) is an in-situ geotechnical method that pushes an instrumented steel cone into the ground to measure soil resistance and profile stratigraphy.
Confederation Bridge
The Confederation Bridge is a 12.9-kilometer toll bridge opened in 1997 that links Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island, to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick, carrying the Trans-Canada Highway.
Conowingo Bridge
The Conowingo Bridge was a series of crossings of the Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland; the covered wooden bridge opened in 1859 was demolished in 1927 for the Conowingo Dam.
Conselho Federal de Engenharia e Agronomia
Conselho Federal de Engenharia e Agronomia (Confea) is Brazil's federal professional regulatory council for engineering, agronomy, geology, geography, and meteorology, created in 1933 and headquartered in Brasília.