3,135 articles
Bacterial foraging optimization algorithm
The bacterial foraging optimization algorithm, introduced by K.M. Passino in 2002, is a gradient-free, population-based swarm intelligence method that mimics E. coli foraging through chemotaxis, reproduction, and elimination-dispersal.
Bag-of-words model
The bag-of-words model represents text by the number of occurrences of each term, discarding word order and syntax; it underlies text classification and information retrieval.
Bandit algorithm
A bandit algorithm is a sequential decision-making method, named for the one-armed bandit slot machine, that repeatedly chooses an action, observes only its reward, and balances exploration against exploitation.
Bandit learning
Bandit learning is a reinforcement learning framework in which an agent repeatedly chooses among actions and observes only the chosen action's reward, balancing exploration and exploitation.
Bandpass filtering
Bandpass filtering is a signal processing method that passes frequencies within a chosen range and attenuates frequencies outside it, commonly used to isolate bands in EEG and ECG signals.
Bangladeshi passport (বাংলাদেশি পাসপোর্ট)
The Bangladeshi passport (বাংলাদেশি পাসপোর্ট) is the travel document issued to citizens of Bangladesh, which became the first biometric e-passport in South Asia when launched in January 2020.
Basis pursuit
Basis pursuit is an optimization principle for sparse signal recovery, selecting the smallest ℓ1-norm solution to Ax = b, solvable as a linear program; Chen, Donoho, and Saunders introduced it in 1998.
Bat algorithm
The bat algorithm is a population-based metaheuristic introduced by Xin-She Yang in 2010 that mimics the frequency tuning, loudness, and pulse rate of bats' echolocation to find global optima of continuous functions, especially in engineering design.
Batch Bayesian optimization
Batch Bayesian optimization is a machine learning method that evaluates a batch of candidate points in parallel to optimize expensive black-box functions like hyperparameter tuning.
Batch normalization
Batch normalization, or batch norm, is a technique for training deep neural networks, introduced at Google in 2015, that normalizes layer activations using mini-batch statistics.
Battery Electrolyte Genome
The Battery Electrolyte Genome is a computational screening project launched at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory around 2012 under Kristin Persson, calculating properties of thousands of candidate battery electrolyte molecules.
Bayes classifier
A Bayes classifier is a classification method that assigns an input to the class with the highest posterior probability given its features, computed with Bayes' theorem.
Bayesian active learning
Bayesian active learning is a machine learning method that picks unlabeled data points for annotation by how much each would reduce a Bayesian model's uncertainty, saving labeling cost.
Bayesian convolutional neural network
A Bayesian convolutional neural network treats CNN weights as probability distributions rather than fixed values, so predictions carry uncertainty estimates for tasks like medical imaging.
Bayesian deep learning
Bayesian deep learning combines deep neural networks with Bayesian probability theory so a model outputs a probability distribution over its predictions, quantifying uncertainty in healthcare, finance, and robotics.
Bayesian model averaging
Bayesian model averaging (BMA) is a Bayesian method that combines the predictions of several competing statistical models into one, weighting each model by its posterior probability given the data.
Bayesian neural network
A Bayesian neural network is a neural network trained with Bayesian inference, placing probability distributions over its weights instead of single values, so predictions carry quantified uncertainty and better calibration.
Bayesian reaction optimization
Bayesian optimization for reaction screening applies Bayesian optimization, a model-based method for expensive black-box functions, to finding high-performing chemical reaction conditions, catalysts, and additives in few experiments.
Bayesian reinforcement learning
Bayesian reinforcement learning (BRL) is a family of reinforcement learning methods that treat uncertainty about an environment's dynamics and rewards as probability distributions, updated by Bayes rule as data arrive.
BB-8
BB-8 is a fictional astromech droid in the Star Wars franchise, introduced in The Force Awakens (2015) as the spherical orange-and-white companion of Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.
BCBS 239
BCBS 239: the Basel Committee's January 2013 standard of 14 principles on effective risk data aggregation and risk reporting for systemically important banks, with a January 2016 G-SIB deadline that most banks have still not fully met.
Behavior cloning
Behavior cloning is an imitation learning method that trains an agent's policy by supervised learning on expert demonstrations, applied in robotics, autonomous driving, and language-model fine-tuning.
Behavior tree
A behavior tree is a tree-structured model that organizes an agent's decision-making as a hierarchy of tasks, conditions, and actions, used to control non-player characters in video games and robots.
Behavioral cloning
Behavioral cloning is an imitation learning method that trains an agent to mimic an expert by supervised learning on state-action pairs, needing no reward function or environment interaction.
BEiT
BEiT, short for Bidirectional Encoder representation from Image Transformers, is a self-supervised model that pretrains vision Transformers via masked image modeling, proposed by Microsoft researchers in 2021.
Belief revision
Belief revision is an artificial intelligence method for changing a logical knowledge base when new information arrives, keeping it consistent while retaining as much old knowledge as possible.
Bell–LaPadula model
The Bell–LaPadula model (BLP) is a 1973 formal model of computer security, by Bell and LaPadula of MITRE, defining mandatory access control through "no read up" and "no write down".
Beluga whale optimization algorithm
The beluga whale optimization algorithm (BWO) is a swarm-based metaheuristic for numerical optimization, introduced in Knowledge-Based Systems in 2022, modeling beluga swimming, foraging, and whale fall.
Berkeley DB
Berkeley DB (BDB) is an embedded key-value database library that applications link into their own process, begun at UC Berkeley in 1991 and owned by Oracle since 2006.
BERT (language model)
BERT, or Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, is a bidirectional Google language model released in 2018. Pre-trained with masked language modeling and then fine-tuned, it set records on 11 NLP benchmarks and made pretrain-then-fine-tune the standard.