Artificial intelligence and data

Rolling horizon optimization

Rolling horizon optimization is a decision method that repeatedly solves an optimization model over a moving time window, implementing only immediate decisions before re-solving as new information arrives.

Romanian identity card

The Romanian identity card, or Cartea de identitate, is an electronic card with a security chip issued to Romanian citizens and valid for travel in the EU and Schengen area.

Rome Call for AI Ethics

The Rome Call for AI Ethics is a declaration of six principles for ethical artificial intelligence, first signed in Rome in 2020 by the Pontifical Academy for Life, Microsoft, IBM, and others.

ROUGE (metric)

ROUGE (Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation) is a package of metrics scoring machine summaries by overlap with human-written references, introduced by Chin-Yew Lin in 2004 and widely used in summarization evaluation.

Rough set

A rough set is a mathematical tool for analyzing vague or incomplete data, introduced by Zdzisław Pawlak in 1982 and widely used for feature selection in data mining.

Roulette wheel selection

Roulette wheel selection, also called fitness-proportionate selection, is a selection operator for evolutionary algorithms in which each individual's chance of reproduction equals its fitness divided by the population's total fitness.

Round-robin scheduling

Round-robin scheduling is a preemptive scheduling method in which each task runs for a fixed time quantum, then returns to the back of the ready queue for another turn.

Row- and column-major order

Row- and column-major order are the two ways of storing a multidimensional array in linear memory; C and NumPy use row-major, Fortran and MATLAB column-major.

Row-level security

Row-level security (RLS) is a database feature restricting which rows of a table a user can read or modify, enforced by a security predicate at the database tier.

RP (complexity class)

RP, short for randomized polynomial time, is the complexity class of decision problems solvable in polynomial time by randomized algorithms that never accept a no-instance, sitting between P and BPP.

RT-DETR

RT-DETR, short for Real-Time DEtection TRansformer, is a real-time object detection model introduced by Baidu researchers in April 2023, described as the first real-time end-to-end detector, removing the non-maximum suppression step YOLO detectors rely on.

Oct 26, 2026

RudderStack

RudderStack is an open-source, agentic warehouse-native customer data platform founded in 2019 by Soumyadeb Mitra. It collects, unifies, and activates customer data in the customer's own warehouse, stores no data itself, and offers 200+ destinations.

Rule induction

Rule induction is a machine learning method that learns a readable set of if-then rules from labeled examples, chosen for classification tasks where the model must be transparent, as in medical classification.

Russian passport

The Russian passport exists in two forms: an internal booklet, the citizen's main identity document since Soviet times, and a separate international passport used for travel abroad.

Oct 22, 2026

RXNMapper

RXNMapper is an open-source tool that maps atoms between reactants and products in chemical reactions using attention weights from a transformer model trained without labeled data.

S-transform

The S-transform, or Stockwell transform, is a linear time-frequency transform with a Gaussian window that narrows at high frequencies, introduced in 1996 and used in power quality and seismic analysis.

SafeGraph, Inc.

SafeGraph, Inc. is an American data-as-a-service company founded in 2016 in Denver, Colorado, led by Auren Hoffman, that curates points-of-interest data and anonymized mobile location data.

Saga pattern

The saga pattern coordinates a business operation across services as a sequence of local transactions that either all complete or are undone by compensating transactions, replacing distributed ACID transactions.

Salp swarm algorithm

The salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is a bio-inspired metaheuristic for optimizing single- and multi-objective continuous functions, proposed by Seyedali Mirjalili and colleagues in Advances in Engineering Software in 2017.

Salp swarm optimization

Salp swarm optimization, also called the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), is a population-based metaheuristic proposed by Seyedali Mirjalili and colleagues in 2017 that mimics the chain-forming movement of salps to solve engineering design problems.

Samasource Impact Sourcing

Samasource Impact Sourcing, doing business as Sama, is a San Francisco AI data annotation company founded in 2008 by Leila Janah, employing workers in Kenya, Uganda, and India.

Sample complexity

Sample complexity is the number of training examples a learning algorithm needs to reach a specified accuracy with a specified confidence, as formalized in the PAC framework.

Sampling (signal processing)

Sampling in signal processing converts a continuous-time signal into a discrete sequence of numbers by measuring it at regular intervals, governed by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem and limited by aliasing.

Sampling-based planning

Sampling-based planning is a family of motion planning algorithms that finds collision-free robot paths by randomly sampling configuration space instead of building it explicitly, suiting high-dimensional problems; canonical algorithms include PRM and RRT.