Computing and digital systems

Cost of delay

Cost of delay (CoD) is a product development measure of the economic value lost per unit of time that delivery is postponed, popularized by Donald Reinertsen in 2009.

Cost of frontier training runs

The cost of a frontier training run is the estimated dollar cost of pretraining a top AI model, from tens of millions in 2023 to hundreds of millions by 2026.

Cost-sensitive learning is a machine learning approach that incorporates unequal misclassification costs into model training or prediction, using weighting, resampling, or threshold moving to minimize expected cost.

CoStar Group

CoStar Group is an American commercial real estate information and analytics company founded by Andrew C. Florance in 1987 and headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. It operates marketplaces including Apartments.com and LoopNet.

CosyPose

CosyPose is a computer vision method introduced at ECCV 2020 that estimates the 6D pose of multiple known objects from RGB images taken from unknown camera viewpoints.

CosyVoice

CosyVoice is an open, multilingual, zero-shot text-to-speech and voice-cloning model family from Alibaba's FunAudioLLM project, first published in July 2024, with open weights and a commercial Alibaba Cloud service.

Couchbase Inc.

Couchbase Inc. is an American database software company in Santa Clara, California. Its distributed NoSQL database stores data as JSON documents, serving them from memory and syncing to mobile devices.

CouchDB

CouchDB, formally Apache CouchDB, is an open-source document-oriented database storing schema-free JSON documents behind a RESTful HTTP API, written in Erlang and begun in 2005.

Count–min sketch

The count–min sketch (CM sketch) is a sublinear-space data structure for estimating item frequencies in data streams, introduced in 2005 by Graham Cormode and S. Muthukrishnan; estimates are never too low.

Counter (digital)

A digital counter is a sequential logic circuit built from flip-flops that steps through a prescribed sequence of states, usually binary, on each clock pulse.

Counter mode

Counter mode (CTR) is a block cipher mode of operation that encrypts counter blocks to produce a keystream, XORed with plaintext, effectively turning a block cipher into a stream cipher.

Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement

Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) is a model checking technique that verifies large systems by checking a coarse abstract model and refining it with spurious counterexamples.

Counterfactual explanation

A counterfactual explanation is a machine learning explanation showing the smallest input changes that would have changed a model's prediction, such as what a rejected loan applicant needed.

Counterfactual simulation

Counterfactual simulation is a computational modeling approach that estimates outcomes under interventions that did not occur, built on causal models and the potential outcomes framework.

Counting board

A counting board is a ruled surface on which loose counters are moved to perform arithmetic, the operator calculating mentally while the board tracks place values and carries.

Counting sort

Counting sort is a non-comparison sorting algorithm that orders items with integer keys by counting how often each key occurs, running in Θ(n + k) time.

Countries blocking access to The Pirate Bay

Countries blocking access to The Pirate Bay are court or authority orders requiring ISPs to block the Swedish torrent site, imposed in around 30 countries.

Country code top-level domain

A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a two-letter internet domain suffix for a country or territory, such as .de for Germany, taken from ISO 3166-1.

Coupa Software

Coupa Software is an American company whose cloud-based Business Spend Management platform handles procurement, invoicing, expenses, payments, and supply chain for finance teams, with more than 3,000 customers.

Coupling (computer programming)

Coupling in computer programming is the degree to which software modules depend on one another, so changing one module forces changes in another; low coupling is the usual design goal.

Covariance intersection

Covariance intersection is a data fusion algorithm that combines estimates whose error correlations are unknown into a single consistent estimate, applied in object tracking and SLAM.

Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES)

Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is a stochastic evolutionary algorithm for black-box minimization of continuous, non-convex functions, introduced by Nikolaus Hansen and Andreas Ostermeier in 2001.

Covariant

Covariant is an American warehouse robotics AI company founded in 2017 by three early OpenAI research scientists, known for the 2024 Amazon deal that hired its founders.

Cowell e Holdings

Cowell e Holdings (高伟电子) is a Cayman Islands-incorporated investment holding company listed in Hong Kong (stock code 1415) that manufactures camera modules and optical components for smartphones and tablets.

Coze

Coze, known in China as Kouzi (扣子), is ByteDance's no-code platform for building chatbots and AI agents, launched internationally in late 2023 and in China in 2024.

CP System

The CP System (CPシステム), also known as CPS-1 or Capcom Play System 1, is an arcade system board Capcom introduced in 1988, running Street Fighter II and Final Fight.

CP System II

The CP System II, commonly abbreviated CPS-2, is an arcade system board released by Capcom in 1993, debuting with Super Street Fighter II: The New Challengers.

CP System III

CP System III, commonly abbreviated CPS3, is an arcade system board released by Capcom in 1996 that stored games on CD-ROM and ran six fighting games.

CP/M

CP/M, or Control Program for Microcomputers, is an operating system Gary Kildall wrote in 1974 for Intel 8080 computers with floppy disks, distributed by his company Digital Research.