Fuels and conversion technology: In to W

North West Redwater Partnership

North West Redwater Partnership is an Alberta general partnership, formed in 2011, that designed, financed, built, and operates the Sturgeon Refinery near Redwater, northeast of Edmonton.

Octane rating

The octane rating, or octane number, is a number measuring a spark-ignition fuel's resistance to knocking, defined on a scale where iso-octane is 100 and n-heptane is 0.

Organic Rankine cycle

The Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) converts heat into power using an organic fluid with a lower boiling point than water, suited to sources from 80 to 300 °C.

Organic thermoelectric generator

An organic thermoelectric generator (OTEG) is a solid-state device that converts low-grade heat into electricity using flexible, printable organic semiconductors, aimed chiefly at wearable energy harvesting and Internet-of-Things sensors.

Oxide thermoelectric modules

Oxide thermoelectric modules are solid-state devices that convert heat into electricity using ceramic oxides, operating in air at high temperature where bismuth telluride modules fail.

Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax, also known as petroleum wax, is a white, odorless waxy solid of straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, used in candles, packaging, cosmetics, and thermal energy storage.

Pearl GTL

Pearl GTL is the world's largest gas-to-liquids plant, at Ras Laffan Industrial City in Qatar, developed by Shell and QatarEnergy and producing 140,000 barrels per day.

Pelton wheel

The Pelton wheel, also called the Pelton turbine, is an impulse-type water turbine Lester Allan Pelton invented in the California gold fields in the 1870s, best suited to high head and low flow.

Petrol engine

A petrol engine, called a gasoline engine in the United States, is a spark-ignited internal combustion engine that burns petrol, igniting the fuel-air mixture with a spark plug.

Petroleum coke

Petroleum coke, also known as petcoke, is a carbon-rich solid with 90 to 95 percent carbon made when refinery residual oils crack, used mainly for electricity generation and aluminum anodes.

Petroleum product

A petroleum product, also called an oil by-product, is any fuel or material obtained from processing crude oil at refineries, including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, asphalt, and lubricants.

Plasma arc gasification

Plasma arc gasification is a waste treatment process in which a plasma torch breaks organic waste down into syngas while melting the inorganic fraction into a glassy, leach-resistant slag.

Plasma-assisted combustion

Plasma-assisted combustion (PAC) uses electrical discharge plasmas to modify flame chemistry and flow, enhancing ignition, stabilizing ultra-lean mixtures, and reducing pollutants in gas turbines and aerospace engines.

Plastic-to-fuel

Plastic-to-fuel (PTF) is a set of thermochemical and catalytic technologies that convert waste plastics into fuels such as diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, or hydrogen, chiefly by pyrolysis.

Polycrystalline SnSe thermoelectric

Polycrystalline tin selenide (SnSe) is a bulk, multi-grain form of the layered semiconductor SnSe, a thermoelectric material that converts heat into electricity and is cheaper and more scalable to make than single crystals.

Power-to-X

Power-to-X (PtX, P2X) is a family of energy conversion technologies that use electricity, typically from renewable sources, to produce fuels and chemicals such as hydrogen, methane, and methanol.

Premixed combustion

Premixed combustion is combustion in which the fuel and oxidizer are mixed before burning, so a flame propagates through a homogeneous mixture, as in a Bunsen burner.

Pyroelectric energy harvesting

Pyroelectric energy harvesting converts time-varying temperature into electricity using pyroelectric materials whose polarization changes with temperature, suiting wearables, sensors, and low-grade waste heat below 100 °C.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis, also called pyrolytic decomposition, is the thermal decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen, typically at 300 to 800°C, yielding char, bio-oil, and gas.

Refuse-derived fuel

Refuse-derived fuel is a solid fuel made by shredding municipal waste and removing metals and glass, used to supplement fossil fuels in cement kilns and boilers.

Rocket stove

A rocket stove is a wood-burning cookstove conceived by Dr. Larry Winiarski at Aprovecho Research Center in Oregon in 1982, using an insulated chimney for a hot, efficient burn.

Ruwais

Ruwais, also known as Al Ruwais Industrial City, is an industrial city in Abu Dhabi, UAE, hosting the country's largest refining and petrochemical operations, including Borouge.

Scatec

Scatec, founded as Scatec Solar in 2007 and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in 2014, is a Norwegian renewable energy company building solar, wind, and hydropower plants in emerging markets.

Selective non-catalytic reduction

Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a flue gas treatment that injects ammonia or urea into combustion exhaust, reducing nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and water without a catalyst.

Shell MDS

Shell MDS, short for Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis, is a Shell gas-to-liquids plant in Bintulu, Malaysia, opened in 1993 as the world's first commercial-scale GTL plant.

Shell V-Power

Shell V-Power, or V-Power, is Shell's brand of premium performance fuels, a high-octane gasoline and diesel first sold in Singapore in 2000 and used in Scuderia Ferrari's Formula 1 race fuel.

Shenhua Baotou Coal Chemical

Shenhua Baotou Coal Chemical (神华包头煤化工) operates the world's first commercial coal-to-olefins plant, in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, converting coal to 600,000 tonnes of ethylene and propylene yearly since 2010.

Soot

Soot is a particulate carbon material formed as an unwanted by-product of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis, containing tars, resins, and inorganic solids; it differs from manufactured carbon black.

Space vector modulation

Space vector modulation (SVM) is a pulse-width modulation technique for three-phase inverters, yielding about 15% more output voltage than sinusoidal PWM from the same DC supply.