14 articles
Battery charge limiting
Battery charge limiting is the practice of capping a rechargeable lithium-ion battery's maximum state of charge below 100%, by firmware or operating-system software, to slow aging and extend battery life.
C-rate
The C-rate is a normalized measure of the current at which a battery is charged or discharged, expressed as a multiple of its rated capacity in ampere-hours.
Cell balancing
Cell balancing is the process of equalizing the state of charge and voltage of individual cells in a battery pack so no cell is overcharged or deeply discharged.
Dead lithium
Dead lithium is metallic lithium in a battery anode that has lost electrical contact with the current collector, causing capacity loss in lithium metal batteries; it can be partly recovered.
Depth of discharge
Depth of discharge (DoD) is the percentage of a battery's rated capacity removed during a discharge, the complement of state of charge, and a central factor in cycle life.
Intercalation pseudocapacitance
Intercalation pseudocapacitance is a charge-storage mechanism in which ions insert into the bulk of an electrode at capacitor-like rates, named in 2013 from studies of lithium ions in niobium pentoxide.
Lithium plating
Lithium plating is the deposition of metallic lithium on a lithium-ion battery's anode during charging instead of intercalation, triggered by fast or low-temperature charging and causing dendrites, capacity fade, and short circuits.
Lithium plating during fast charging
Lithium plating during fast charging is a side reaction in lithium-ion batteries where lithium metal deposits on the graphite anode, causing capacity loss and safety risks.
Lithium-ion battery degradation
Lithium-ion battery degradation is the irreversible loss of performance in a lithium-ion battery over time, appearing as capacity fade and impedance rise through calendar aging and cycle aging.
Round-trip efficiency
Round-trip efficiency is the percentage of energy put into a storage system that comes back out over a full charge-discharge cycle, from about 90% for lithium-ion to 30% for hydrogen.
Second-life battery
A second-life battery is a lithium-ion pack retired from electric-vehicle service, usually below 70% to 80% of original capacity, and reused in less demanding applications like grid and solar energy storage.
State of charge
State of charge (SoC) is the fraction of a battery's capacity currently available, expressed as a percentage; since it cannot be measured directly, battery management systems estimate it.
State of health
State of health (SOH) measures a rechargeable battery's general condition against its initial state; a new battery is 100%, and 80% is commonly considered end of life.
Transition-metal dissolution and crossover
Transition-metal dissolution and crossover is a lithium-battery degradation process in which manganese, nickel, and cobalt ions leach from the cathode and deposit on the anode.