28 articles
18650 battery
The 18650 is a standardized cylindrical lithium-ion rechargeable cell measuring 18 by 65 mm, long the dominant format for laptop packs, power tools, flashlights, and early Tesla vehicles.
2170 battery
The 2170 battery, also written 21700, is a cylindrical lithium-ion cell 21 mm in diameter and 70 mm long, widely used in electric vehicles, power tools, and energy storage.
46-phi
46-phi (46φ), also written 46-series or 46XX, is a family of large cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells with a standardized 46 mm diameter, announced by Tesla in 2020.
4680 battery
The 4680 is a cylindrical lithium-ion battery cell, 46 mm by 80 mm, announced by Tesla in 2020 and used in the Cybertruck and Model Y.
Anode-free cell
An anode-free cell, also called anode-less or Li-free, is a rechargeable battery built without an anode; lithium plates onto a bare copper collector on first charge, enabling higher energy density.
Aqueous lithium-ion battery
An aqueous lithium-ion battery (ALIB) is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery using water with dissolved lithium salts instead of flammable organic solvents, proposed in 1994 and aimed at grid-scale storage.
Catalytic polysulfide conversion in lithium-sulfur batteries
Catalytic polysulfide conversion in lithium-sulfur batteries is the acceleration by catalysts of redox reactions converting soluble lithium polysulfides to solid lithium sulfide, suppressing the shuttle effect.
Cell-to-Pack
Cell-to-Pack (CTP) is a lithium-ion electric-vehicle battery architecture that mounts cells directly in the pack, first commercialized by CATL in 2019 with LFP cells to raise energy density.
Dual-ion battery
A dual-ion battery is a rechargeable battery in which both electrolyte cations and anions intercalate into the electrodes, unlike the rocking-chair mechanism of lithium-ion cells.
Electro-chemo-mechanical contact loss in all-solid-state cells
Electro-chemo-mechanical contact loss in all-solid-state cells is degradation in which electrode volume change during cycling breaks solid-solid contact, and the rigid solid electrolyte cannot re-wet the surface.
Lithium dendrite
A lithium dendrite is a tree-like deposit of metallic lithium forming on a lithium metal anode during charging; when it bridges the electrodes it causes internal short circuits and fires.
Lithium manganese oxide battery
A lithium manganese oxide (LMO) battery is a lithium-ion battery with a spinel LiMn2O4 cathode, prized for low cost, safety, and high power but limited by manganese dissolution.
Lithium titanate battery
A lithium titanate battery is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery whose anode is lithium titanate instead of graphite, giving very fast charging, long cycle life, safety, and lower energy density.
Lithium-carbon dioxide battery
A lithium-carbon dioxide battery is a rechargeable metal–gas cell in which lithium reacts with carbon dioxide at the cathode, fixing CO₂ during discharge; it remains at the laboratory stage.
Lithium-ion capacitor
A lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is a hybrid supercapacitor combining a capacitor-type activated carbon positive electrode with a lithium pre-doped battery-type negative electrode, offering higher energy density than EDLCs.
Lithium-metal batteries with ionic liquid electrolytes
Lithium-metal batteries with ionic liquid electrolytes are rechargeable cells that pair a lithium-metal anode with non-flammable molten organic salts, trading some conductivity for safety and stability.
Lithium-metal battery
A lithium-metal battery is a rechargeable or primary battery whose anode is metallic lithium, offering the highest anode capacity and energy density but held back by dendrites.
Lithium–air battery
A lithium–air battery is a metal–air electrochemical cell that pairs a lithium anode with an oxygen cathode, offering the highest theoretical specific energy, 3,458 Wh/kg, of any rechargeable chemistry.
Lithium–sulfur battery
The Lithium–sulfur battery (Li–S) is a rechargeable electrochemical cell that pairs metallic lithium and elemental sulfur, achieving a theoretical specific energy five to six times higher than lithium-ion cells.
Polysulfide shuttle suppression
Polysulfide shuttle suppression is the set of materials and design strategies that stop soluble lithium polysulfides from migrating between cathode and anode in lithium–sulfur batteries.
Pouch cell
A pouch cell is a lithium-ion battery cell sealed in a flexible aluminum-polymer pouch instead of a rigid metal can, offering low weight and custom sizes.
Pre-lithiation
Pre-lithiation is a battery manufacturing technique that adds extra active lithium to a lithium-ion cell, compensating for lithium irreversibly lost during the first charge and early cycling.
Prismatic cell
A prismatic cell is a lithium-ion battery cell in a flat, rectangular rigid housing, a format whose efficient stacking makes it the most widely used in electric vehicle and stationary storage batteries.
Solid polymer electrolyte battery
A solid polymer electrolyte battery is a rechargeable battery in which a solid polymer-salt complex, typically PEO with a lithium salt, replaces the liquid electrolyte as ion conductor and separator.
Structural battery
A structural battery is a multifunctional material that stores energy like a lithium-ion battery while carrying mechanical load, replacing added battery mass in electric vehicles, aircraft, and drones.
Sulfur cathode
A sulfur cathode is the positive electrode of a lithium–sulfur battery, whose 1675 mAh g⁻¹ theoretical capacity far exceeds commercial lithium-ion cathodes but suffers from the polysulfide shuttle effect.
Tesla 4680 cell
The Tesla 4680 cell is a large cylindrical lithium-ion battery cell, 46 mm by 80 mm, announced in September 2020 for the Cybertruck and Model Y.
Unified cell
The Unified Cell is a standardized prismatic lithium-ion battery cell developed by PowerCo, Volkswagen's battery subsidiary, announced in 2021 and entering production at Salzgitter, Germany in December 2025.