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Soyuz TM
Soyuz TM was a Soviet and Russian crewed spacecraft, an upgraded Soyuz-T that carried crews to Mir from 1987 to 2001 and flew to the ISS four times.
Soyuz TMA
Soyuz TMA is a version of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, in use since 2002, that carried crews to the International Space Station and served as its emergency crew return vehicle.
Soyuz-2-1A
Soyuz-2-1A, also written Soyuz-2.1a (Союз-2.1а), is a Russian three-stage medium-lift launch vehicle first flown from Plesetsk in 2004, still flying crewed Soyuz and Progress missions to the International Space Station.
Soyuz-2-1B
Soyuz-2-1B, or Союз-2.1б, is a Russian medium-lift launch vehicle, first flown in 2006, with an upgraded RD-0124 third-stage engine lifting 8,300 kg to low Earth orbit.
Soyuz-ST-B
Soyuz-ST-B is the European version of the Soyuz-2.1b rocket, flown commercially by Arianespace from the Guiana Space Centre between 2011 and 2022, notably for Galileo satellites.
Soyuz-U
Soyuz-U is a Soviet and Russian three-stage medium-lift launch vehicle that flew from 1973 to 2017, launching crewed Soyuz spacecraft, Progress cargo ships, and reconnaissance satellites.
Soyuz-U-PVB
The Soyuz-U-PVB was a Soviet and Russian orbital launch vehicle, a fire-safety-modified version of the Soyuz-U that flew 74 times between 1984 and 2009, mostly from Plesetsk.
Soyuz-U2
Soyuz-U2 (Союз-У2) was a Soviet and Russian three-stage launch vehicle, a Soyuz-U variant whose core stage burned syntin instead of kerosene, flying from 1982 to 1995.
Space adaptation syndrome
Space adaptation syndrome, also called space sickness or space motion sickness, causes nausea and disorientation in up to 73% of space travelers during the first days of spaceflight.
Space Age
The Space Age is the historical period opened by the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, on October 4, 1957, extending to today.
Space Alliance
The Space Alliance is a strategic partnership founded in 2005 between Leonardo and Thales, combining their joint ventures Telespazio and Thales Alenia Space as one of Europe's two satellite primes.
Space blanket
A space blanket, also called an emergency or Mylar blanket, is a thin aluminized plastic sheet that reflects body heat; NASA developed it in 1964 for spacecraft insulation.
Space capsule
A space capsule is a blunt, compact spacecraft in which crews live and work, returning to Earth through a heat shield and splashing down or landing under parachutes.
Space Coast
The Space Coast is the central Atlantic coast of Florida around Brevard County, home to NASA's Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.
Space debris
Space debris, also known as space junk, is any non-functional artificial object in Earth orbit, created by over 6,000 launches since the space age began.
Space Development Agency
The Space Development Agency (SDA) is a U.S. Space Force organization, established in 2019, that develops the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture, a planned constellation of small satellites in low Earth orbit.
Space diving
Space diving is the act of jumping from a vehicle or balloon at very high altitude and landing by parachute, most famously from stratospheric balloons.
Space Dynamics Laboratory
Space Dynamics Laboratory is a nonprofit University Affiliated Research Center owned by Utah State University in North Logan, Utah, building sensors and small satellites for defense and NASA programs.
Space elevator
A space elevator, also called an orbital tower, is a proposed transportation system in which a tether anchored to Earth's equator extends past geostationary orbit so climbers can reach orbit without rockets.
Space exploration
Space exploration, also called outer space or extraterrestrial exploration, investigates space beyond Earth's atmosphere using crewed and robotic spacecraft, beginning with the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 launch in 1957.
Space food
Space food is food specially developed, processed, and packaged for astronauts during spaceflight, where it must stay safe and nutritious without refrigeration, conventional cooking, or gravity to control crumbs and liquids.
Space Infrastructure Servicing
Space infrastructure servicing is the practice of refueling, repairing, upgrading, relocating, or removing spacecraft in orbit, using astronauts or robotic servicer spacecraft like Northrop Grumman's MEV-1.
Space launch market competition
Space launch market competition is the contest among launch providers to deliver payloads to orbit on price and reliability, with SpaceX dominating at 83 percent of spacecraft launched in 2024.
Space Launch System
The Space Launch System (SLS) is NASA's expendable super heavy-lift rocket for Artemis missions to the Moon, first flown uncrewed in November 2022 and carrying four astronauts around the Moon on Artemis II in April 2026.
Space Link Extension
Space Link Extension (SLE) is a set of CCSDS data-transfer standards that let a mission control center send commands to and receive telemetry from spacecraft via other agencies' ground stations.
Space medicine
Space medicine is the field of comprehensive health care for astronauts, covering crew selection, in-flight medical care, and countermeasures against bone loss, vision changes, and radiation during spaceflight.
Space probe
A space probe, also called an interplanetary probe, is an unmanned spacecraft sent from Earth to explore celestial bodies by flying past, orbiting, or landing on them.
Space Race
The Space Race was the Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in spaceflight, from the 1957 Sputnik launch to the 1969 Moon landing.
Space Reactor‑1 Freedom
Space Reactor‑1 Freedom (SR‑1 Freedom) is a NASA mission, announced in March 2026, to fly the first fission reactor-powered spacecraft beyond Earth orbit toward Mars, carrying three helicopters.
Space Rider
Space Rider is an uncrewed reusable spaceplane developed by the European Space Agency, planned to fly payloads to low Earth orbit and land them back on a runway, with a first launch in 2028.