Technology and the built world

Random early detection

Random early detection (RED) is an active queue management algorithm that drops router packets probabilistically to signal congestion, designed by Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson in 1993.

Random forest

A random forest is an ensemble learning method for classification and regression that builds many randomized decision trees and predicts by averaging their outputs or majority vote.

Random Network Distillation (RND) is an exploration method for deep reinforcement learning, introduced in 2018 by OpenAI and University of Edinburgh researchers, that reached above-average human performance on Montezuma's Revenge.

Random neural network

The random neural network is a probabilistic neural network model in which neurons exchange excitatory and inhibitory spikes, introduced by Erol Gelenbe in 1989 and analyzed with queueing theory.

Random number generation

Random number generation is the production of numbers that lack a predictable pattern, drawn from physical processes or deterministic algorithms, and used in cryptography, Monte Carlo simulation, games, and testing.

Random optimization

Random optimization is a derivative-free stochastic direct-search method introduced by Matyás in 1965, which perturbs the current best point randomly and moves only on improvement.

Random projection

Random projection is a dimensionality reduction method that multiplies high-dimensional data by a randomly generated matrix, approximately preserving pairwise distances; the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma guarantees the needed target dimension.

Random search

Random search is an optimization method that samples candidate settings at random and returns the best one found, widely used for hyperparameter tuning in machine learning.

Random survival forest

A random survival forest (RSF) is an ensemble machine learning method that adapts Leo Breiman's random forests to survival analysis, predicting time-to-event outcomes from right-censored data using randomized survival trees.

Random testing (software testing)

Random testing is a software testing method that samples inputs at random from a program's input domain, records failing inputs, and quantifies reliability statistically when no input fails.

Random vibration analysis

Random vibration analysis is a probabilistic structural-dynamics method that predicts how structures respond to random excitation described by a power spectral density, yielding RMS stresses and fatigue damage.

Random-access memory

Random-access memory (RAM) is read/write memory in which any bit is accessed as fast as any other, usually volatile semiconductor chips holding data a processor is using.

Randomized algorithm

A randomized algorithm is an algorithm whose steps depend on random bits, split into Las Vegas algorithms, always correct, and Monte Carlo algorithms, which may err.

Randomized smoothing

Randomized smoothing is a machine learning technique that turns an arbitrary classifier into a smoothed classifier with a certified robustness guarantee against adversarial perturbations, proven at ICML 2019.

Randomized storage (warehousing)

Randomized storage, also called random or scattered storage, is a warehouse policy of placing items in any open location, trading longer picker travel for better space use.

RandstadRail

RandstadRail is a light rail network in the Rotterdam–The Hague conurbation of the Netherlands, created by converting former Dutch Railways suburban lines and opened in stages during 2006 and 2007.

Randy Babbitt

Randy Babbitt, born Jerome Randolph Babbitt in 1946, is an American aviation official who led the Air Line Pilots Association and served as FAA Administrator from 2009 to 2011.

Randy Pausch

Randy Pausch (Randolph Frederick Pausch) was an American computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University who created the Alice programming environment and delivered the 2007 "Last Lecture."

Randy's Donuts

Randy's Donuts is a donut shop and roadside landmark in Inglewood, California, built in 1953 and famous for its giant rooftop doughnut, which has appeared in numerous films and TV shows.

Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam

The Ranganathaswamy Temple, also called Thiruvaranga Tirupati, is a Hindu temple to Ranganatha on Srirangam island in Tamil Nadu, India, first among the 108 Divya Desams.

Range extender

A range extender is a small combustion engine fitted to an electric vehicle that only generates electricity, as in the BMW i3, whose 2014 extender roughly doubled its range.

Range light

A range light, also called a leading light, is one of a pair of fixed navigation lights that guide vessels along a safe channel course when aligned.

Range Rover

The Range Rover, also sold as the Land Rover Range Rover, is a luxury full-size SUV line built by Land Rover since the original launched in 1970.

Range Rover (L322)

The Range Rover (L322) is the third generation of the Range Rover luxury four-wheel-drive wagon, built by Land Rover in Solihull, England, from 2002 to 2012.

Range Rover (L405)

The Range Rover L405 is the fourth-generation Range Rover luxury SUV built by Land Rover from 2012 to 2021, the first with an all-aluminum body.

Range Rover (P38A)

The Range Rover P38A is the second generation of Land Rover's luxury four-wheel-drive vehicle, built in the United Kingdom from 1994 to 2002 and named after its in-house project code 38A.

Range Rover Classic

The Range Rover Classic is the first-generation Range Rover, a luxury four-wheel-drive SUV built by Land Rover at Solihull from 1970 to 1996 and credited with creating the luxury 4x4 category.

Range Rover Evoque

The Range Rover Evoque is a compact luxury SUV produced by Jaguar Land Rover from 2011 at Halewood near Liverpool, its design influenced by the 2008 LRX concept.

Range Rover Sport

The Range Rover Sport, also known as the Land Rover Range Rover Sport, is a five-seat luxury SUV produced by Land Rover since 2005 as the sportier Range Rover.