Technology and the built world

CNP-300

The CNP-300 is China's first indigenous commercial pressurized water reactor, a roughly 300 MWe two-loop design by CNNC, with five units operating in China and Pakistan.

CNP-600

The CNP-600 is a Chinese Generation II pressurized water reactor design developed by CNNC, rated at 650 MWe, with four units at Qinshan and two at Changjiang.

CNR-INM, formally the Institute of Marine Engineering (Istituto di Ingegneria del Mare, INM), is Italy's National Research Council institute for marine engineering, headquartered in Rome with a major hydrodynamic testing facility.

Sep 29, 2026

Co-clustering

Co-clustering, also known as biclustering, is a data-mining technique that clusters the rows and columns of a matrix simultaneously, used in text mining and gene-expression analysis.

Co-evolutionary coupling analysis

Co-evolutionary coupling analysis is a family of computational methods that infers physical contacts between amino acids by detecting correlated substitutions across the sequences of a homologous protein family.

Co-intercalation in graphite

Co-intercalation in graphite is a battery electrode process in which metal ions enter graphite together with their solvent molecules, enabling graphite anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

Co-packaged optics

Co-packaged optics (CPO) mounts optical engines on the same substrate as the switch ASIC instead of pluggable modules, cutting the electrical path to millimeters and reducing power.

Co-processed jet fuel

Co-processed jet fuel is jet fuel made by feeding renewable feedstocks like used cooking oil into existing petroleum refinery units, a recognized route to sustainable aviation fuel.

Co-processing in FCC units

Co-processing in FCC units is feeding renewable feeds like vegetable oils and bio-oils into existing refinery FCC units with petroleum, adding renewable carbon to fuels.

Co-pumping

Co-pumping, also called forward pumping, launches the pump at the front end of a fiber span so it travels with the signal, giving lower ASE noise but strong pump noise transfer.

Sep 29, 2026

Co-simulation

Co-simulation is a simulation technique in which several specialized simulators, each modeling part of a coupled multi-domain system, run together and exchange data at synchronized points in time.

Co-training

Co-training is a semi-supervised machine learning algorithm, proposed by Avrim Blum and Tom Mitchell in 1998, in which two classifiers on different feature views teach each other with pseudo-labels.

Co–N–C single-atom ORR catalysts

Co–N–C single-atom ORR catalysts are platinum-free electrocatalysts with isolated cobalt atoms in nitrogen-doped carbon that catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells and zinc–air batteries.

CO2 heat pump

A CO2 heat pump uses carbon dioxide (R744) as its refrigerant, running transcritical with heat rejected in a gas cooler rather than by condensation, and is best known through Japan's Eco Cute water heaters.

CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol

CO2 hydrogenation to ethanol is a catalytic reaction converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen directly into ethanol, either thermocatalytically or electrocatalytically, as a carbon-recycling fuel route.

CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid

CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid is the catalytic reaction combining carbon dioxide and hydrogen to make formic acid, studied as a liquid, carbon-neutral hydrogen storage method.

CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel

CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel is a set of catalytic processes converting carbon dioxide and renewable hydrogen into C8–C16 hydrocarbons for sustainable aviation fuel, demonstrated at kiloton scale in China.

CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins is a catalytic process that converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into ethylene, propylene, and butene, using CO2 as a renewable carbon feedstock.

Sep 29, 2026

CO2 injection

CO2 injection places carbon dioxide into subsurface reservoirs, used for enhanced oil recovery and for geologic carbon storage; the first commercial flood began at SACROC, Texas, in 1972.

CO2-cured concrete

CO2-cured concrete, also called carbonation-cured concrete, is concrete hardened by curing in a CO2-rich atmosphere instead of water, fixing CO2 as calcium carbonate and gaining early strength.

CO2-derived dimethyl carbonate synthesis

CO2-derived dimethyl carbonate synthesis is the direct one-step reaction of carbon dioxide with methanol to make dimethyl carbonate, a low-toxicity solvent and fuel additive, replacing hazardous phosgene routes.

CO2-derived polycarbonates

CO2-derived polycarbonates are aliphatic thermoplastic polymers made by copolymerizing carbon dioxide with epoxides, using CO2 instead of toxic phosgene; Inoue first reported the reaction in 1969.

Coach gun

A coach gun is a short-barreled, usually double-barreled shotgun developed in England in the late 18th century to defend coaches, later carried by Wells Fargo stagecoach guards in the American West.

Coachella Canal

The Coachella Canal is a 123-mile branch of the All-American Canal in southeastern California, built from 1938 to 1948 to irrigate about 78,530 acres of the Coachella Valley.

Coachella Valley Radio Control Club

The Coachella Valley Radio Control Club is a model aircraft club in Thermal, California, operating a 240-acre flying field and hosting the Best in the West Jet Rally.

Coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway

The coaches of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway were the passenger coaching stock built by the LMS from 1923 until nationalisation in 1948, in three distinct design periods.

Coal & Allied

Coal & Allied was an Australian coal mining company in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales, controlled by Rio Tinto and sold to Yancoal in 2017.

Coal blending

Coal blending is the practice of mixing two or more coals so the fuel meets the quality, cost, and emissions needs of a boiler, gasifier, or coke oven.

Coal Combustion Residuals Rule

The Coal Combustion Residuals Rule is the EPA's regulation governing coal ash disposal in landfills and surface impoundments, promulgated April 17, 2015 as the first federal coal ash standard.