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Consolidated PBY Catalina
The Consolidated PBY Catalina, also known as the PBY Canso, is an American twin-engine flying boat serving as a patrol bomber and air-sea rescue aircraft from 1936.
Consolidation grouting
Consolidation grouting is a ground-improvement technique in which cement grout is injected at low pressure into voids and cracks in shallow foundation rock, strengthening it to carry a structure, most commonly a dam.
Consolidation test
The consolidation test, usually the incremental loading oedometer test, is a laboratory procedure in which confined soil is loaded in steps to estimate the magnitude and rate of settlement of structures.
Constant envelope modulation
Constant envelope modulation is a class of modulation schemes that carry information in phase or frequency with a fixed amplitude, used by GSM, Bluetooth, and satellites.
Constant envelope OFDM
Constant envelope OFDM, also known as CE-OFDM, is a transmission scheme that turns OFDM signals into phase-modulated signals of constant amplitude with a 0 dB PAPR.
Constant false alarm rate
Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) is a property of radar detection schemes that keep the probability of false alarms fixed even when background clutter is unknown or changing.
Constant false alarm rate detection
Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection, first described in 1968 by H. M. Finn and R. S. Johnson, is a radar signal-processing technique that adapts the detection threshold to local noise, keeping false alarms constant.
Constant modulus algorithm
The constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is a blind adaptive equalization algorithm, proposed by Dominique Godard in 1980, that equalizes a channel without a known training sequence.
Constant propagation
Constant propagation is a compiler optimization that finds values constant on all possible executions of a program, so constant expressions can be evaluated at compile time, producing smaller and faster programs.
Constant volume combustion
Constant volume combustion is a heat-addition process in which fuel burns in a fixed volume, raising pressure and temperature together and offering higher gas turbine efficiency than constant-pressure burning.
Constant-breadth cam
A constant-breadth cam is a plate cam whose profile has the same distance between every pair of parallel tangent lines, keeping contact with a double follower without springs or grooves.
Constant-velocity joint
A constant-velocity joint, or CV joint, is a shaft coupling that transmits torque between angled shafts at constant speed, standard on front-wheel-drive car drive shafts.
Constant-voltage transformer
A constant-voltage transformer, or ferroresonant transformer, keeps output voltage nearly constant despite wide input swings using magnetic core saturation and a resonant capacitor, with no electronics or moving parts.
Constantinople Convention of 1888
The Constantinople Convention of 1888 is a multilateral treaty, signed by nine powers, guaranteeing the Suez Canal free passage for all vessels in war and peace.
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis (Κωνσταντίνος Α. Δοξιάδης)
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis (Κωνσταντίνος Α. Δοξιάδης, 1913–1975) was a Greek architect and urban planner who founded ekistics, the science of human settlements, and designed Islamabad.
Constantinos Daskalakis
Constantinos Daskalakis is a Greek theoretical computer scientist and MIT professor, best known for proving that computing a Nash equilibrium is computationally intractable, work honored with the 2018 Nevanlinna Prize.
Constantinos Pantelides
Constantinos Pantelides, known as Costas Pantelides, is a Greek-British chemical engineer, Professor at Imperial College London and CTO of Siemens Process Automation Software, elected to the US National Academy of Engineering in 2024.
Constanze Kurz
Constanze Kurz, born 1974 in Berlin, is a German computer scientist and net activist who serves as volunteer spokesperson for the Chaos Computer Club and acts as technical expert to the Federal Constitutional Court.
Constellation Energy
Constellation Energy is a Baltimore-based American energy company created in 2022 from Exelon's separation; it operates the largest US nuclear fleet and acquired Calpine in 2026.
Constellation Oil Services Holding
Constellation Oil Services Holding, formerly QGOG Constellation, is a Luxembourg-incorporated offshore drilling contractor controlled by the Queiroz Galvão family and operating mainly in Brazil, where it is the largest drilling company.
Constellation program
The Constellation program was a NASA program announced in 2004 to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020, canceled before any of its vehicles flew operationally.
Constellation-class frigate
The Constellation-class frigate (FFG 62) was a planned class of guided-missile frigates for the United States Navy based on the French and Italian FREMM design, canceled in November 2025.
Constellium
Constellium SE is a France-based aluminum company, listed on the NYSE as CSTM, making rolled and extruded aluminum products for aerospace, packaging, and automotive markets.
Constitutional AI
Constitutional AI (CAI) is an alignment method introduced by Anthropic in 2022, in which a language model critiques and revises its own outputs against a written constitution.
Constitutional Classifiers
Constitutional Classifiers are Anthropic's January 2025 guardrail for large language models: input and output classifiers trained on synthetic data from a written constitution, designed to block universal jailbreaks.
Constrained Application Protocol
The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), abbreviated CoAP, is a lightweight web transfer protocol for constrained networks, designed by the IETF for machine-to-machine Internet of Things applications.
Constrained clustering
Constrained clustering is a machine learning method that groups data while satisfying user-provided must-link and cannot-link constraints, named by Kiri Wagstaff and Claire Cardie in 2000.
Constrained decoding (guided generation)
Constrained decoding, also called guided generation, is an inference-time technique that masks language model tokens so output provably matches a formal specification such as a JSON Schema, regular expression, or grammar.
Constrained Markov decision process
A constrained Markov decision process (CMDP) is a Markov decision process extended with constraints on expected cumulative costs, the standard formal model for safe reinforcement learning.
Constrained policy optimization
Constrained policy optimization (CPO) is a trust region algorithm for constrained reinforcement learning, introduced by Joshua Achiam and colleagues at ICML 2017 to enforce safety constraints during training.