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Flameholding
Flameholding is the stabilization of a combustion flame in a gas stream faster than the flame's own speed, achieved with recirculation zones from bluff bodies, swirlers, or wall cavities.
Flamelet generated manifold
The flamelet generated manifold (FGM) method is a combustion simulation technique that builds a low-dimensional manifold from one-dimensional flamelets, proposed by J.A. van Oijen and L.P.H. de Goey in 2000.
Flamethrower
A flamethrower (Flammenwerfer) is an incendiary weapon that projects a stream of burning liquid fuel at a target, first used on a large scale by Germany at Hooge, Belgium, in 1915.
Flaming Gorge Dam
Flaming Gorge Dam is a concrete thin-arch dam on the Green River in northeastern Utah, built by the Bureau of Reclamation between 1958 and 1964.
Flaming Gorge Reservoir
Flaming Gorge Reservoir is a reservoir on the Green River in northeastern Utah and southwestern Wyoming, impounded by Flaming Gorge Dam, which was completed in 1962.
Flamingo (AI model)
Flamingo is a family of visual language models introduced by DeepMind in April 2022, built at 3B to 80B sizes to answer questions about interleaved images, videos, and text.
Flammability limit
A flammability limit, also called an explosive limit, is the lower or upper fuel concentration in air within which a gas or vapor mixture can ignite, expressed as percent fuel by volume.
Flammability standards for textiles
Flammability standards for textiles are regulatory rules and test methods limiting how easily clothing and household fabrics ignite, based in the US on the 1953 Flammable Fabrics Act.
FLAN
FLAN (Finetuned Language Net) is a Google instruction-tuning method and dataset collection introduced in 2021, fine-tuning pretrained models on many NLP tasks phrased as natural-language instructions; its 2022 Flan Collection produced the publicly released Flan-T5 checkpoints.
Flanagan South Oil Pipeline
The Flanagan South Oil Pipeline (Enbridge Line 59) is a 593-mile, 36-inch Enbridge crude oil pipeline running from Pontiac, Illinois, to Cushing, Oklahoma, placed in service in 2014.
Flange
A flange is a protruding rim or lip on a component that provides a mating surface for connection, as in bolted, gasketed pipe joints and the load-carrying plates of I-beams.
Flannan Isles Lighthouse
Flannan Isles Lighthouse, also known as Eilean Mor Lighthouse, stands on Eilean Mòr, 21 miles west of Lewis, Scotland, and was first lit on 7 December 1899.
Flannel
Flannel, also called brushed cotton, is a soft woven fabric from wool, cotton, or synthetic fibers, finished by napping to raise a warm fuzzy surface; it originated in Wales.
Flap (aeronautics)
A flap, also called a wing flap, is a movable trailing-edge device on an aircraft wing that increases lift by changing camber, allowing slower, safer takeoffs and landings.
Flapper-nozzle valve
A flapper-nozzle valve is a hydraulic or pneumatic pilot stage whose movable flapper varies nozzle restrictions, creating the pressure differential that positions the spool of an electrohydraulic servo valve.
Flapping foil propulsion
Flapping foil propulsion generates thrust in a fluid by oscillating a wing-like foil in combined heaving and pitching motion, mimicking swimming animals such as tunas and sea turtles.
Flare
A flare, also called a signal or road flare, is a pyrotechnic device burning a fuel-oxidizer mixture for intense light, used for signaling, illumination, and military decoys.
Flare (countermeasure)
A flare, also known as a decoy flare, is an expendable pyrotechnic device ejected from aircraft, ships, or ground vehicles to decoy infrared-guided missiles, used since 1959.
Flare gun
A flare gun, also called a signal pistol or Very pistol, is a handgun-shaped launcher that fires pyrotechnic flares, most often for maritime distress signaling.
Flash
Flash was a multimedia software platform that delivered animations, games, and video content to web browsers. At its peak, it was the dominant content delivery mechanism on the internet.
Flash butt welding
Flash butt welding is an electric resistance welding process that joins rails by melting their ends with heavy current and forging them together, the dominant method for continuous welded rail.
Flash evaporation
Flash evaporation is the partial vaporization of a liquid when its pressure drops below saturation pressure, a violent, pressure-driven boiling that underlies flash distillation and multi-stage flash desalination.
Flash hider
A flash hider, also called a flash suppressor, is a muzzle device that reduces or redirects a firearm's muzzle flash to hide the shooter's position and avoid blinding them.
Flash Joule heating
Flash Joule heating (FJH) is a resistive heating process introduced in 2020 by chemist James Tour's lab at Rice University, best known for making flash graphene from waste plastics.
Flash lock
A flash lock, also called a staunch lock, is a movable barrier in a river weir, opened to release a rush of water that carries boats through.
Flash memory
Flash memory, also called Flash EEPROM, is a non-volatile semiconductor storage technology that stores data as trapped charge in floating-gate transistors; it is used in USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs.
Flash memory controller
A flash memory controller is the processor and firmware in an SSD or memory card that manages NAND flash through mapping, wear leveling, garbage collection, and error correction.
Flash point
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor that can ignite in air; the lower it is, the more flammable the liquid.
Flash powder
Flash powder, also known as photoflash powder, is a pyrotechnic mixture of metal fuel and oxidizer that burns almost instantly, producing an intense flash and loud report.
Flash sintering
Flash sintering is a ceramic processing method in which an applied electric field densifies a heated ceramic compact in seconds, at furnace temperatures hundreds of degrees below conventional sintering.