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Ground–structure interaction in tunnelling
Ground–structure interaction in tunnelling is the study of how tunnelling-induced ground movements affect adjacent buildings, bridges, and existing tunnels, and how structure stiffness modifies those movements.
Grounded Language-Image Pre-training (GLIP)
Grounded Language-Image Pre-training (GLIP) is a vision-language model from Microsoft Research, introduced in December 2021, that unifies object detection and phrase grounding in one task.
Grounding DINO
Grounding DINO is an open-set object detection model developed by IDEA Research and introduced on arXiv in 2023, combining the DINO detector with language to detect arbitrary objects described by text prompts.
Groundwood pulping
Groundwood pulping is a mechanical pulping process, developed in 1843 by Friedrich Gottlob Keller, in which logs are pressed against a revolving abrasive grindstone under water, tearing the wood into fibers without chemical cooking.
Group method of data handling
The group method of data handling (GMDH) is a self-organizing algorithm, proposed by A. G. Ivakhnenko in 1968, that builds polynomial networks layer by layer for regression and forecasting.
Group mind (science fiction)
In science fiction, a group mind, or gestalt intelligence, is a consciousness shared by many individuals so the group thinks and decides as one entity.
Group normalization
Group normalization (GN) is a normalization technique for neural networks that divides channels into groups and normalizes within each, keeping accuracy stable regardless of batch size.
Group Policy
Group Policy is a Microsoft Windows feature providing centralized management of operating system, application, and user settings, applied through Group Policy Objects linked in Active Directory.
Group relative policy optimization
Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) is a reinforcement learning algorithm for large language models, introduced by DeepSeek in 2024, which replaces PPO's value network with a group-average reward baseline.
Group robustness optimization
Group robustness optimization, or group DRO, is a machine learning training method that minimizes worst-case loss over pre-defined groups rather than average loss, improving worst-group accuracy.
Group signature
A group signature is a digital signature that lets a group member sign anonymously, with an authority able to reveal the signer. Introduced by Chaum and van Heyst in 1991.
Group technology
Group technology is a manufacturing engineering methodology that groups parts with similar shapes or processing requirements into families, cutting setup times and enabling cellular manufacturing.
Groupe Bull
Groupe Bull, also known as Compagnie des Machines Bull, is a French computing company founded in 1931 that became a leading European computer maker and now builds supercomputers and mainframes.
Grouped-query attention
Grouped-query attention (GQA) is a transformer attention design introduced by Google researchers in 2023 that lets query heads share key-value heads, shrinking the KV cache.
Grout
Grout, also called tile grout, is a fluid, typically cementitious construction material poured into joints, cavities, or porous ground to fill space, bond elements, or block water.
Grout curtain
A grout curtain is a thin zone in a dam's foundation into which grout is injected through lines of boreholes to reduce seepage and uplift pressure.
Grouted macadam
Grouted macadam is a semi-flexible pavement material made by filling the voids of open-graded asphalt with cementitious grout, first developed in France in the 1950s.
Growing robots
Growing robots are robots that lengthen by adding material at their tip, like trailing plants; demonstrated uses include search and rescue, pipe inspection, and colonoscopy.
Growth Energy
Growth Energy is a Washington, D.C.-based trade association representing U.S. ethanol producers, founded in 2008, whose members produce more than half of American bioethanol and which lobbies on the Renewable Fuel Standard and E15 gasoline.
Growth function (VC theory)
The growth function, also called the shatter function or shattering coefficient, is a VC theory quantity counting the maximum distinct labelings a hypothesis class can realize on n points.
Groyne
A groyne, called a groin in American usage, is a low structure of stone or timber built perpendicular to the shore to trap sand and reduce beach erosion.
GRPC
gRPC is a remote procedure call framework and Cloud Native Computing Foundation project that runs over HTTP/2, uses Protocol Buffers, and supports four call types including bidirectional streaming.
GRPO
GRPO, or Group Relative Policy Optimization, is a reinforcement learning algorithm for large language models introduced by DeepSeek in 2024; it drops PPO's value network and trained DeepSeek-R1.
Grübler-Kutzbach criterion
The Grübler-Kutzbach criterion, also called the Chebychev-Grübler-Kutzbach formula, is a counting formula that predicts a mechanism's mobility from its links and joints, with planar and spatial forms.
Gruinard Island
Gruinard Island, off northwest Scotland, was contaminated with anthrax spores during British biological warfare trials in 1942-43, decontaminated with formaldehyde in seawater in 1986, and returned to its owners in 1990.
Grumman
Grumman, formally the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, was an American aerospace company founded in 1929 that built Navy carrier aircraft and the Apollo Lunar Module.
Grumman A-6 Intruder
The Grumman A-6 Intruder is a two-seat, twin-turbojet, carrier-based all-weather attack aircraft built by Grumman for the US Navy and Marine Corps, in service from 1963 to 1997.
Grumman American AA-1
The Grumman American AA-1, known as the Yankee, is a two-seat low-wing light aircraft produced from 1969 to 1978 and built with distinctive bonded aluminum construction.
Grumman C-2 Greyhound
The Grumman C-2 Greyhound was a twin-turboprop US Navy carrier onboard delivery aircraft, derived from the E-2 Hawkeye, that flew personnel, mail, and cargo to carriers from the mid-1960s until 2026.
Grumman F-11 Tiger
The Grumman F11F Tiger, redesignated F-11A in 1962, was a single-seat Navy fighter built by Grumman; in fleet service only a few years, it flew with the Blue Angels until 1968.