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Interchange (road)
An interchange is a grade-separated road junction where ramps connect highways that do not cross at grade, allowing traffic to merge and turn without signals.
Interchange station
An interchange station is a passenger transport station where travelers transfer between modes, such as rail and bus, or between two services of the same mode.
Interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts are standardized, identical components manufactured to a precise tolerance so any one can substitute for another without fitting or rework, first demonstrated in 1778.
InterCity (British Rail)
InterCity was the British Rail business sector, formed in 1982, that ran long-distance express passenger services and was the only sector in profit before privatization.
InterCity 125
InterCity 125, also known as the High Speed Train (HST), is a British diesel passenger train that entered service in 1976 and became the world's fastest diesel train.
InterCity 225
The InterCity 225 is a British high-speed train of a Class 91 electric locomotive and Mark 4 coaches, built for the East Coast Main Line from 1989.
Intercity Express (Germany)
The Intercity Express, or ICE (InterCityExpress), is Deutsche Bahn's family of high-speed trains and branded long-distance service, running since 1991 at up to 320 km/h.
Interconnection queue
An interconnection queue is the list of proposed power plants and storage projects a transmission operator studies before they connect to the grid, a major bottleneck for solar and wind.
Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
An intercontinental or transoceanic fixed link is a permanent bridge, tunnel, or causeway crossing a strait or ocean, built mostly as long-studied proposals like Gibraltar and the Bering Strait.
Intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a land-based ballistic missile that travels more than 5,500 kilometers, a Cold War threshold, forming the land leg of nuclear triads.
Intercooler
An intercooler, also called a charge air cooler, is a heat exchanger that cools air compressed by a turbocharger or supercharger, raising air density so the engine makes more power.
Intercooling
Intercooling is a modification of the Brayton cycle, used in gas turbines and jet engines, in which compression is split into stages and the gas is cooled between them.
Interdental brush
An interdental brush is a small oral hygiene device with soft bristles on a thin wire core, used between the teeth to remove plaque where a toothbrush cannot reach.
InterDigital
InterDigital is an American technology research and development company founded in 1972 and based in Wilmington, Delaware, which invents wireless, video, and AI technologies and earns revenue by licensing its roughly 38,000 patents to manufacturers.
Interdigital transducer
An interdigital transducer (IDT) is an electrode structure that converts electrical signals into surface acoustic waves and back, the basis of SAW filters in mobile phones.
Interdigitated back contact solar cell
An interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cell is a crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell with both metal contacts interlocked on the rear surface, eliminating front-side shading and reaching efficiencies above 25%.
Interface (computing)
In computing, an interface is a shared boundary between two functional units, covering APIs for programmers, user interfaces for people, and object contracts in languages like Java.
Interface control document
An interface control document (ICD) is an engineering document that defines the boundary between two systems, equipment, or organizations, keeping separately developed items compatible when joined.
Interface management
Interface management is the systems engineering discipline of controlling interactions between system elements through formal documents and change control, keeping interoperating products functionally and physically compatible.
Interface passivation
Interface passivation is the treatment of layer boundaries in semiconductor devices, most prominently perovskite solar cells, to reduce defect states, suppress non-radiative recombination, and block degradation pathways.
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph
The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) is a NASA Small Explorer satellite launched in 2013 to study the Sun's chromosphere and transition region and how the corona heats up.
Interface segregation principle
The interface segregation principle, a software design principle from Robert C. Martin, states that clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not use.
Interfacial dipole engineering in perovskite solar cells
Interfacial dipole engineering in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) inserts oriented molecular dipole layers at device interfaces, tuning energy-level alignment, passivating defects, and improving efficiency and stability.
Interfacial engineering in solar cells
Interfacial engineering in solar cells is the deliberate design of boundaries between a photovoltaic device's functional layers to cut recombination losses, align energy levels, and improve efficiency and stability.
Interfacial phase-change memory
Interfacial phase-change memory (iPCM) is a type of phase-change memory built from alternating GeTe and Sb₂Te₃ layers, first demonstrated in 2011 and credited with lower switching energy than conventional PCM.
Interference alignment
Interference alignment is a wireless precoding technique where coordinated transmitters collapse all interference into a minimal subspace, achieving K/2 degrees of freedom and sum rates that grow linearly with network size.
Interference lithography
Interference lithography, also called holographic or laser interference lithography, is a maskless fabrication method in which overlapping coherent laser beams pattern periodic nanostructures in photoresist.
Interference neutralization
Interference neutralization (IN) is a wireless interference management technique in which relays apply linear processing so interfering signals cancel over the air while desired signals remain decodable.
Interference temperature
Interference temperature is a radio-spectrum metric proposed by the FCC that expresses average undesired radio-frequency power arriving at a receiver as an equivalent temperature in kelvin.
Interferometric reflectometry
Interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) is a ground-based remote sensing technique that uses interference between direct and surface-reflected GNSS signals to measure sea level, soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation water content.