# Hadewijch
**Hadewijch** was a thirteenth-century mystic and poet of the [Low Countries](https://www.edgepedia.org/low-countries), probably a beguine living near Antwerp, whose poems, visions, and letters in Middle Dutch are among the earliest literary writings in Dutch and Flemish history[1](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20). Almost nothing is known of her life beyond what her writings reveal, yet her work on ecstatic love of God, which she called *Minne*, has made her a central figure in Dutch literature and in the study of medieval women's mysticism[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch). Her name also titles a 2009 feature film by the French director Bruno Dumont, in which a young novice takes the name Hadewijch in her honor[3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch).
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Who | Thirteenth-century beguine mystic and poet, probably of Antwerp or Brussels, mid to late 13th century[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch) • [4](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499) |
| Works | Poems in Stanzas (also known as Songs), a Book of Visions, and religious letters, all in the vernacular[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch) • [1](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20) |
| Language | Middle Dutch rather than Latin; she also knew Latin and French[5](https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/bruno-dumont-and-hadewijch-ficm-2009) • [4](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499) |
| Standing | Called by John Arblaster and Paul Verdeyen "the greatest poetic genius in the Dutch language"; regarded as the first named poetess of the Dutch-language area[6](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/traditio/article/abs/fluidity-in-stillness-a-reading-of-hadewijchs-strofische-gedichtenpoems-in-stanzas/010A3666169749EDFB1D4C7E8D2D8AB2) • [7](https://literatuurinzicht.rd.nl/literatuurinzicht/artikel/806633.html) |
| Modern edition | The four books of her work were brought to light in 1838 and edited and translated into English only in 1980, by Columba Hart and Paul Mommaers[8](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/5865/14898) |
| The film | *Hadewijch* (2009), Bruno Dumont's fifth feature, 105 minutes, winner of the FIPRESCI International Critics' Award at Toronto[3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch) • [9](https://fipresci.org/report/a-hard-time-with-the-mother-superior/) |
## Life and historical setting
Very little biographical detail survives. Scholars place her most probably in Antwerp or Brussels in the middle to late thirteenth century, and she is generally thought to have belonged to a group of beguines, evangelical women who lived outside the monastic system, taking vows of poverty, chastity, and service while remaining in the world[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch) • [4](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499). Her fluency in Dutch, Latin, and French, together with her knowledge of scripture, the church fathers, rhetoric, numerology, astronomy, music, and verse, indicates an education typically limited to the wealthy upper class[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch) • [4](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499).
Internal evidence in her writings suggests friction with her community. Her high standards, opposition from inside and outside the group, jealousy, and an accusation that she taught quietism, a form of prayer emphasizing internal silent prayer over external observances, may have led to her exile from her community[4](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499). The location of her grave is not known[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch).
## Writings and mysticism
Hadewijch's surviving texts fall into three genres: religious poetry, accounts of visions, and religious letters, all written in the vernacular[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch). The *Poems in Stanzas*, nowadays better known as Songs, are about the violent longing for *Minne*, and they borrow elements of the troubadour tradition of courtly love to render yearning for the divine beloved[1](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20). They are among the very few extant Middle Dutch love songs in the courtly tradition[4](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499). Her *Book of Visions* describes the visual perception of God's Countenance in deliberately inconsistent imagery, spinning disks and shining gems among them, so that the appearance of God remains inconceivable in a strict sense[1](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20).
**A theology of mutual love.** The scholar John Giles Milhaven argued that Hadewijch's theology begins a [Christian theology](https://www.edgepedia.org/christian-theology) of love that demands a reciprocal response from God, even a kind of mutual conquering between the devout soul and God[10](https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/14205). Her mystical world, in which all is love and paradox, has been summarized through three main themes: the abyss, the Trinity, and Christ[11](https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/vs/article/view/5261). Her Trinitarian theology, grounded in her reading of William of St. Thierry and her knowledge of scripture and the doctors of the church, was at the time deemed dangerous by those at the center of ecclesiastical power[12](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0966735017738662).
A group of poems found with her manuscripts, written in what appears to be another hand and with a more advanced vocabulary, is attributed by scholars to "Hadewijch II", who may have been Hadewijch herself or one of her acquaintances[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch).
## Reception
Hadewijch's work was slow to reach modern readers. The four books of her oeuvre were brought into the spotlight in 1838, but they were edited and translated into English only in 1980, by Columba Hart, a Benedictine nun of [Connecticut](https://www.edgepedia.org/connecticut), and Paul Mommaers, a Latin philologist of the Ruusbroec Genootschap in Antwerp[8](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/5865/14898). In 1980, *Hadewijch: The Complete Works* was published as the first full English rendering, in the Classics of Western Spirituality series, and *Hadewijch: Writer – Beguine – Love Mystic*, Paul Mommaers's landmark critical examination, written together with Elisabeth Dutton (1989), earned the Flemish Prijs De Standaard and came out in English in 2004[2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch). Her absence from mainstream introductions to medieval philosophy has been attributed to the late editing of her texts and to the marginalization of vernacular-writing female mystical thinkers[8](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/5865/14898). Recent scholarship has re-appraised her place in the Christian tradition, and feminist theology and historiography have made her a frequent subject of study[6](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/traditio/article/abs/fluidity-in-stillness-a-reading-of-hadewijchs-strofische-gedichtenpoems-in-stanzas/010A3666169749EDFB1D4C7E8D2D8AB2) • [2](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch).
## The 2009 film by Bruno Dumont
*Hadewijch* is a French drama directed and written by Bruno Dumont, his fifth feature, released in 2009 with a running time of 105 minutes[3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch) • [9](https://fipresci.org/report/a-hard-time-with-the-mother-superior/). It was produced by 3B Productions and Herbst Film, photographed by Yves Cape, and edited by Guy Lecorne[3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch). Julie Sokolowski plays Céline, the daughter of a diplomat and a theology student who, as a novice in a Catholic convent, takes the name Hadewijch after the medieval mystic[13](https://www.nowehoryzonty.pl/artykul.do?id=872&lang=en). The cast also includes Yassine Salime, Karl Sarafidis, David Dewaele, and Brigitte Mayeux-Clerget as the mother superior[3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch).
The plot follows Céline's expulsion from the convent, where the mother superior judges her blind, ecstatic faith excessive, and her return to Paris as a secular young woman[14](https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2009/sections_and_films/official_selection/7/570324/in). There she meets Yassine, a young man from the banlieue, who introduces her to his older brother Nassir, a devout Muslim who leads a study group[9](https://fipresci.org/report/a-hard-time-with-the-mother-superior/). Her passionate love of God and her rage lead her along dangerous paths, and she leaves for the Middle East to sacrifice herself in an extreme act of faith[14](https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2009/sections_and_films/official_selection/7/570324/in) • [3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch).
**Style and interpretation.** The film opens with more than five speechless minutes before its first words, a lengthy quote from vision six by the thirteenth-century mystic, recited by the mother superior[1](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20). Peter Verstraten, a film scholar at the University of Leiden, reads the film through the "transcendental style" associated with [Robert Bresson](https://www.edgepedia.org/robert-bresson), noting that Dumont draws on medieval mystic texts because they teach that spiritual matters can only be suggested via detours, never directly[1](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20). Tina Kendall, writing in *Contemporary French and Francophone Studies*, reads the film not as sensationalizing religious divisions but as seeking a post-theological understanding of spirituality that locates a secular experience of the sacred within the cinematic encounter itself[15](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17409292.2013.817081). Dumont, an atheist and a former philosophy teacher born in Bailleul in 1958, has described the film as a "meditation" and a universal story[13](https://www.nowehoryzonty.pl/artykul.do?id=872&lang=en) • [16](https://www.lavie.fr/papier/2009/3352bruno-dumont-laquonbspdieu-existe-mais-au-cineacutemanbspraquo-30631.php).
The film screened in the Official Selection at the 2009 San Sebastian Film Festival, at the Morelia International Film Festival in 2009, and in the Spectrum section of IFFR 2010[14](https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2009/sections_and_films/official_selection/7/570324/in) • [5](https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/bruno-dumont-and-hadewijch-ficm-2009) • [3](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch). It won the FIPRESCI Award at the 2009 [Toronto International Film Festival](https://www.edgepedia.org/toronto-international-film-festival)[9](https://fipresci.org/report/a-hard-time-with-the-mother-superior/). Aggregated ratings place it at 6.7 on IMDb and 73 percent on Rotten Tomatoes[17](https://www.justwatch.com/us/movie/hadewijch).
## References
1. [Peter Verstraten (2011). "Mesmerized by Mysticism: The Transcendental Style of Bruno Dumont's Hadewijch." Journal of Dutch Literature 2(2).](https://www.journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/download/20/20)
2. ["Hadewijch II," Poetry Foundation.](https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/hadewijch)
3. ["Hadewijch," International Film Festival Rotterdam 2010.](https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/hadewijch)
4. [L.J. Joubert. "Hadewijch: Mystic or theologian?" HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies.](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/7574/22499)
5. ["Bruno Dumont and HADEWIJCH: FICM 2009," Morelia International Film Festival.](https://moreliafilmfest.com/en/bruno-dumont-and-hadewijch-ficm-2009)
6. [Anita Mir (2018). "Fluidity in Stillness: A Reading of Hadewijch's Strofische Gedichten / Poems in Stanzas." Traditio.](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/traditio/article/abs/fluidity-in-stillness-a-reading-of-hadewijchs-strofische-gedichtenpoems-in-stanzas/010A3666169749EDFB1D4C7E8D2D8AB2)
7. ["Vertel Yord wat: Mystieke middeleeuwse minnezang," Literatuur inzicht.](https://literatuurinzicht.rd.nl/literatuurinzicht/artikel/806633.html)
8. [Johan Beukes. "The Trinitarian and Christological Minnemystik of the Flemish beguine Hadewijch of Antwerp (fl. 1240)." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies.](https://hts.org.za/index.php/hts/article/view/5865/14898)
9. [Diego Lerer. "A Hard Time with the Mother Superior," FIPRESCI, Toronto 2009.](https://fipresci.org/report/a-hard-time-with-the-mother-superior/)
10. [E. Ann Matter. Review of Milhaven, *Hadewijch and Her Sisters*, The Medieval Review 94.01.09.](https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/14205)
11. [Simon Holland-Brown. "Psychotherapy and Mystical Theology: Melanie Klein and Hadewijch of Antwerp in Conversation." Vinayasādhana.](https://dvkjournals.in/index.php/vs/article/view/5261)
12. [Nindyo Sasongko (2018). "Angling the Trinity from the Margin of Power: Vernacular Trinitarian Theology in Hadewijch of Brabant and Feminist Theology." Feminist Theology 26(2).](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0966735017738662)
13. ["Hadewijch," TAURON New Horizons festival notes.](https://www.nowehoryzonty.pl/artykul.do?id=872&lang=en)
14. ["Hadewijch," San Sebastian Film Festival 2009 Official Selection.](https://www.sansebastianfestival.com/2009/sections_and_films/official_selection/7/570324/in)
15. [Tina Kendall (2013). "'No God but Cinema': Bruno Dumont's Hadewijch." Contemporary French and Francophone Studies 17(4): 405-413.](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17409292.2013.817081)
16. [Frédéric Théobald (2009). "Bruno Dumont: 'Dieu existe, mais au cinéma'." La Vie.](https://www.lavie.fr/papier/2009/3352bruno-dumont-laquonbspdieu-existe-mais-au-cineacutemanbspraquo-30631.php)
17. ["Hadewijch streaming," JustWatch.](https://www.justwatch.com/us/movie/hadewijch)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Screen and stage › Film and television › Films and standalone screen works › Individual films by title and year › Drama and biographical films (individual works) › Drama films 2000s › Biographical and historical drama films 2000s › Released 2006 to 2009*
*Initially written Oct 3, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 3, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Edited: Oct 3, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Last review: Oct 25, 2026*
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