# Hermes (Ἑρμῆς)
**Hermes** (Ἑρμῆς) was the ancient Greek god of boundaries, travel, trade, herds, cunning, and speech, who served the Olympian pantheon as herald and messenger and guided the souls of the dead to the underworld (psychopompos)[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/) • [2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). The Romans identified him with [Mercury](https://www.edgepedia.org/mercury-mythology), god of commerce, and in Egypt he was fused with the god Thoth under the name [Hermes Trismegistus](https://www.edgepedia.org/hermes-trismegistus), regarded as the source of the Corpus Hermeticum writings on the soul's release from matter[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/).
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Domains | Boundaries, travel, trade, herds and flocks, luck, thieves, language, and heralds; herald and messenger of the gods[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/) |
| Parents | Zeus and the nymph Maia, daughter of Atlas; born in a cave on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/) |
| Earliest attestation | Named in Linear B tablets of the Mycenaean civilization (15th to 13th century BCE) found at Pylos, Thebes, and Knossos[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/) |
| Attributes | Winged sandals, the winged hat (petasos), and the caduceus (kerykeion), a staff encircled by two coiling snakes[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/) |
| Inventions credited | Fire, sacrifice, the lyre, the panpipes (syrinx), the alphabet, and dice[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/) • [2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/) |
| Roman equivalent | Mercury, god of commerce and trade, to whom the moneybag was added as a symbol[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/) |
| Cult centers | Especially Arcadia (Mount Cyllene), with cults at Athens, Delos, Tanagra, the Cyclades, and the sanctuary at Kato Symi on Crete[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/) |
## Character and functions
Hermes governed passage in every sense. He moved between the realms of gods and humanity as their herald, protected travelers and roads, presided over commerce and the wealth it produced, and led the souls of the dead to the river Styx, where the boatman [Charon](https://www.edgepedia.org/charon) ferried them to Hades[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). Because he governed passage, he also governed the traveler, the merchant, the wage, and the windfall; the Greek word *hermaion*, a piece of unlooked-for luck or a find on the road, carries his name[3](https://hermetism.org/encyclopedia/hermes/). The office of the herald, the man who moved between hostile armies under inviolable protection, was his, as was *hermeneia*, the act of interpretation that carries meaning across the boundary between one mind and another[3](https://hermetism.org/encyclopedia/hermes/).
He was the trickster of the Greek pantheon: the divine thief who stole the cattle of Apollo, the first player of the lyre, and the inventor of fire and sacrifice[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/). In the best-known myth, the infant Hermes slipped out of his cradle and stole his half-brother Apollo's herd of 50 sacred cattle from Pieria, reversing their hoofmarks by fitting them with bark shoes to make the tracks hard to follow[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). After a hearing before Zeus, he was allowed to keep the herd, by then reduced to 48 because he had already sacrificed two, in exchange for giving Apollo the lyre he had made from a tortoiseshell[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). The theft made him the patron of thieves; his cunning also appears in traditions that he stole Poseidon's trident, Artemis' arrows, and Aphrodite's girdle[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/).
As messenger, Hermes appears throughout Greek myth. On Zeus' orders he killed the many-eyed giant Argos (some accounts say 100-eyed) to free Io, an exploit that gave him the epithet Argeiphontes, the Slayer of Argus[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). In the *Iliad* he supports the Achaeans in the [Trojan War](https://www.edgepedia.org/trojan-war) while acting as counselor and guide to the Trojan king [Priam](https://www.edgepedia.org/priam) when Priam reclaims the body of his son Hector; Homer most often calls him "Hermes the guide, slayer of Argos" and "Hermes the kindly"[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). He aided Odysseus on his return voyage, giving him an antidote to the spells of Circe, and helped Perseus by providing an adamantine sickle and guiding him to the three Graeae[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/).
## Origins and name
Hermes has a very long documented history, appearing in the [Linear B](https://www.edgepedia.org/linear-b) tablets of the Mycenaean civilization at its height from the 15th to the 13th century BCE[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). His origins lie in Arcadia, where he was a fertility god with a special attachment to the [Peloponnese](https://www.edgepedia.org/peloponnese)[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). The classicist Lewis Richard Farnell, author of *The Cults of the Greek States*, observed that although Hermes was probably recognized by every Greek community, his cult took deep root nowhere except Arcadia and, as coin evidence suggests, at Ainos in Thrace and Eresos in Lesbos; only Arcadia claimed him as a divine ancestor[4](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cults-of-the-greek-states/cults-of-hermes/A694D91EF51C8F10E7AD65F20328936C). Farnell also noted that the etymology of the name remained unsatisfactory in his day, since the name appears in variant forms such as Hermeilos in Boeotia and Hermon in Laconia and Arcadia[4](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cults-of-the-greek-states/cults-of-hermes/A694D91EF51C8F10E7AD65F20328936C).
The etymological problem has persisted. Among the proposals, the most popular connects the name with the Greek noun ἕρμα, meaning prop, support, reef, or rock under water, an etymology proposed by the Swedish scholar Martin P. Nilsson in 1949; a comparative line of argument, following nineteenth-century linguists such as [Max Müller](https://www.edgepedia.org/max-muller), relates both Hermes and the Vedic goddess Saramā to the Indo-European root *ser-*[5](https://www.czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/collectanea/article/view/2804).
## The herm and iconography
The god's most characteristic monument was the herm. Originally a heap of stones bearing his name, it evolved into a pillar bearing a representation of male genitalia and crowned by a bearded head; herms signaled the presence of Greek culture wherever Greeks settled[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/). They were set up along roadsides as guides and bringers of good fortune, particularly at boundaries, and people placed small marble stelai in front of their doors in his honor[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/).
In art, Hermes appears in two main types. Older Greek art portrayed him as a mature, bearded god, a representation that remained popular on herms well into classical times; classical and [Hellenistic art](https://www.edgepedia.org/hellenistic-art) showed him instead as a handsome, athletic, beardless youth, often nude with a robe draped across the shoulder and sometimes wearing a winged cap[6](https://www.theoi.com/Cult/HermesCult.html). In Archaic and Classical art he holds the kerykeion or caduceus, a herald's staff either cleft or ending in an open figure of eight, wears winged sandals symbolic of his messenger role, and may carry a ram in a nod to his patronage of shepherds, especially in Boeotian and Arcadian art[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). The most celebrated sculptural image was the Hermes of Praxiteles at Olympia, which a 19th-century observer described as the impersonation of the youthful athlete whose prowess had not made him forget tenderness and reverence[7](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hermes) • [8](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1897/02/my-sixty-days-in-greece-the-olympic-games-old-and-new/303470/).
## Cult
Hermes was honored across the Greek world, but especially in the Peloponnese at Mount Cyllene and in city-states such as [Megalopolis](https://www.edgepedia.org/megalopolis), Corinth, and Argos[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). Athens had one of the oldest cults, where the Hermaia festival for young boys was held annually; Delos, Tanagra, and the Cyclades were other centers of his popularity[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). At Pheneos in northern Arcadia, Pausanias reports that the god was worshipped above all others in the city, with a marble cult statue by the sculptor Eucheiros and an athletic festival, the Hermaia, still held in Pausanias' time[9](https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3176175/2/241238_Vol1.pdf).
His association with crossing boundaries of all kinds shows in the cult's social forms. At the sanctuary of Kato Symi on Crete, young men about to become full citizens took part in a two-month-long rite in the mountains, and another Cretan Hermaia festival permitted slaves to temporarily take the part of their masters[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). In the [Hellenistic period](https://www.edgepedia.org/hellenistic-period) the god was often associated with gymnasia and seen as the protector of youths[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/). Archaeological evidence includes a late first-century BCE cult table from the Asklepieion on the south slope of the Athenian Acropolis, inscribed with dedications to Hermes, Aphrodite, Pan, the Nymphs, and Isis[10](https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/SEG/29191).
## Syncretism: Mercury and Hermes Trismegistus
The Romans identified Hermes with Mercury, god of commerce and trade, and added the moneybag to his symbols; in Roman art Mercury appears as the youthful version of his Greek counterpart[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/) • [11](https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/greekromanmyth/chapter/hermes/). The planet Mercury bears his Latin name, fittingly, since it is the fastest planet to orbit the sun[2](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/).
Egyptian religion equated Hermes with their god Thoth, and as Hermes Trismegistus he was eventually regarded as the author of an extensive collection of texts, the Corpus Hermeticum, which described how the soul might free itself from matter's bonds[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/). The standard modern account of this fusion is Garth Fowden's *The Egyptian Hermes* (1986), which traces the synthesis as an expression of the religious pluralism of [Roman Egypt](https://www.edgepedia.org/roman-egypt)[3](https://hermetism.org/encyclopedia/hermes/). Elsewhere in the ancient [Near East](https://www.edgepedia.org/near-east), the association of the Mesopotamian Nabū and the Iranian god Tīr with the planet Mercury could have facilitated identification with Hermes, though the evidence is inconclusive[1](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/).
## References
1. [Albert de Jong, "Hermes," Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3, pp. 239–240 (December 15, 2003)](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hermes/)
2. [Mark Cartwright, "Hermes: The Messenger of the Olympian Gods," World History Encyclopedia (August 28, 2019)](https://www.worldhistory.org/Hermes/)
3. ["Hermes," Hermetism Encyclopedia](https://hermetism.org/encyclopedia/hermes/)
4. [Lewis Richard Farnell, "Cults of Hermes," in *The Cults of the Greek States*, Cambridge University Press (first published 1909)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cults-of-the-greek-states/cults-of-hermes/A694D91EF51C8F10E7AD65F20328936C)
5. [Jan Skarbek-Kazanecki, "Greek God Hermes and Vedic Goddess Saramā in Comparative Aspect," Collectanea Philologica](https://www.czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/collectanea/article/view/2804)
6. ["Hermes Cult," Theoi Project, Ancient Greek Religion](https://www.theoi.com/Cult/HermesCult.html)
7. ["Hermes," 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikisource](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hermes)
8. ["My Sixty Days in Greece: The Olympic Games, Old and New," The Atlantic (February 1897)](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1897/02/my-sixty-days-in-greece-the-olympic-games-old-and-new/303470/)
9. [Pheneos chapter, University of Liverpool thesis repository](https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3176175/2/241238_Vol1.pdf)
10. [IG II³ 4 1804, Cult table for Hermes and other gods, Attic Inscriptions Online](https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/SEG/29191)
11. ["Hermes," Mythoi Koinoi, BCcampus](https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/greekromanmyth/chapter/hermes/)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Society and history › Philosophy, religion, and mythology › Mythology and folklore › Greek mythology › Olympian and major gods*
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