# I Live in Fear (生きものの記録)
**I Live in Fear** (生きものの記録, *Ikimono no kiroku*, also translated as *Record of a Living Being*) is a 1955 Japanese drama film directed by [Akira Kurosawa](https://www.edgepedia.org/akira-kurosawa), produced and distributed by Toho, in which an elderly foundry owner, convinced that a nuclear war will destroy Japan, tries to move his entire family to Brazil and descends into madness when they refuse[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059). It was released in Japan on November 22, 1955, between *Seven Samurai* (1954) and *Throne of Blood* (1957)[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) • [2](https://akirakurosawa.info/2012/09/01/film-club-record-of-a-living-being-1955/).
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Original title | 生きものの記録 (*Ikimono no kiroku*); English titles *I Live in Fear* and *Record of a Living Being*[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) |
| Release | November 22, 1955 (Japan); produced and distributed by Toho[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) |
| Format | Black-and-white drama, standard 1.37:1 aspect ratio; runtime listed as 103 minutes by Criterion and Kinenote and 104 minutes by JFDB[3](https://www.criterion.com/films/897-i-live-in-fear) • [4](https://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24600) • [1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) |
| Lead cast | Toshiro Mifune as Kiichi Nakajima; Takashi Shimura as Dr. Harada; Eiko Miyoshi as Toyo[3](https://www.criterion.com/films/897-i-live-in-fear) |
| Key crew | Screenplay by Kurosawa, Shinobu Hashimoto, and Hideo Oguni; cinematography Asakazu Nakai; music Fumio Hayasaka; producer Shojiro Motoki[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) |
| Technical note | Full adoption of the multi-camera simultaneous shooting method, which shaped Kurosawa's later shooting style[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) |
| Reception | A box-office failure that Kurosawa called his biggest loss; nominated for the Palme d'Or at Cannes 1956[5](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear) • [6](https://cinemasojourns.com/2020/03/29/akira-kurosawas-record-of-a-living-being/) |
## Spoilers
### Story
Kiichi Nakajima ([Toshiro Mifune](https://www.edgepedia.org/toshiro-mifune)), an aging Tokyo industrialist, is convinced that Japan will be destroyed in an imminent nuclear attack. He first spends large sums on an elaborate underground shelter that is never completed, then decides to sell his financially successful foundry and house and move his whole family, including two mistresses and their children, to a farm in Brazil[5](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear). His sons object because moving would cost them their inheritance, and the family fights him; unable to understand why no one feels the danger as keenly as he does, Nakajima gradually loses his mental balance[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) • [7](https://www.eyefilm.nl/en/whats-on/i-live-in-fear/1462661).
A domestic-court counselor, Dr. Harada ([Takashi Shimura](https://www.edgepedia.org/takashi-shimura)), is drawn into the family dispute over the patriarch's property and becomes the film's moral center, weighing whether Nakajima is mad or whether the society around him is[8](https://www.timeout.com/movies/i-live-in-fear). The film ends with Nakajima confined, a [King Lear](https://www.edgepedia.org/king-lear)-like tragic figure who is no less troubling than the relatives who dismiss his fears with lines such as "H-bombs, eh? That's a foolish thing to worry about. Let the Prime Minister do the worrying"[5](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear).
## Origins and historical context
Kurosawa reportedly got the idea for the story from a conversation with composer Hayasaka Fumio, his close collaborator since *[Drunken Angel](https://www.edgepedia.org/drunken-angel)* (1948), in which Hayasaka had voiced his fears regarding nuclear experiments[9](https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/publish/film/pdf/japanese-film-classics-00.pdf). The film appeared a decade after the atomic bombings of [Hiroshima](https://www.edgepedia.org/hiroshima) and Nagasaki, a subject Japanese studio features had avoided for years, and one year after the [Bikini Atoll](https://www.edgepedia.org/bikini-atoll) nuclear test that exposed the crew of a Japanese fishing vessel (the Lucky Dragon 5 incident) to fallout; radioactive rain had also fallen on northern provinces[5](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear). Under the US occupation, films about the effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had not been made until Kaneto Shindo's *Children of Hiroshima* and Hideo Sekikawa's *Hiroshima*, both in 1953[10](https://www.screenslate.com/articles/i-live-fear).
The timing cut against the film commercially. In the second half of 1955, atomic energy was being promoted in Japan as "the second sun" under a national policy of peaceful atomic development[11](https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07368050), and Tokyo had just experienced a disaster in its tuna industry from radioactivity contamination, so the film did nothing to reassure the public[6](https://cinemasojourns.com/2020/03/29/akira-kurosawas-record-of-a-living-being/). Kurosawa later said: "It was my biggest box office loss. He said he felt let down by the audience's total indifference, given how deeply he had invested himself in the film and how earnestly he had tackled a weighty subject. When I think about it, however, I see that we made the film too soon. At that time no one was thinking seriously of atomic extinction. It was only later that people got frightened and that a number of films, On the Beach [1959] among them, were made"[5](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear).
## Production
The screenplay was written jointly by Kurosawa, Shinobu Hashimoto, and Hideo Oguni, the same trio behind *Seven Samurai*; Asakazu Nakai shot the film and Yoshiro Muraki designed the production[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059) • [4](https://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24600). A surviving preparation-draft script in the Kurosawa digital archive is dated August 1, 1955, with completion recorded as October 18, 1955[12](https://www.ss.i.ryukoku.ac.jp/ka/asset/09596.html), and the film was reportedly shot over six weeks[2](https://akirakurosawa.info/2012/09/01/film-club-record-of-a-living-being-1955/).
**Multi-camera method.** The production is noted for fully introducing the multi-camera method, in which several cameras film a scene simultaneously, and this became the basis of Kurosawa's shooting style in later works[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059). Contemporary Japanese film journals analyzed the three-camera simultaneous shooting and its "newsreel-like" immediacy[4](https://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24600).
**Hayasaka's death.** Hayasaka Fumio died suddenly during shooting, which deeply discouraged Kurosawa[1](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059). The score became his last work: from the four bars of music Hayasaka left, Masaru Sato completed a piece matching the film's final shot in length, yet Kurosawa left that shot silent[13](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscsj/12/0/12_44/_pdf/-char/ja).
## Reception and later standing
The film was entered in competition at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival, where Kurosawa was nominated for the [Palme d'Or](https://www.edgepedia.org/palme-dor)[6](https://cinemasojourns.com/2020/03/29/akira-kurosawas-record-of-a-living-being/). Because of its poor box office, it was not released internationally until 1961, when a Kurosawa retrospective at the Berlin Filmfestspiele led critics to acclaim it as a major rediscovery; its US premiere waited until 1967[6](https://cinemasojourns.com/2020/03/29/akira-kurosawas-record-of-a-living-being/) • [10](https://www.screenslate.com/articles/i-live-fear).
Scholars have rarely ranked it among Kurosawa's masterpieces. Common criticisms include Mifune's unconvincing old-age makeup (he plays a character more than half his age), occasional slow pacing, and uncertain tonal shifts over whether Nakajima or society is insane[5](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear). French critics at the time judged that the film "failed" because it did not treat fear of the atomic bomb as the legitimate, daily concern for Japan that it was, and found its upper-middle-class setting unsympathetic[14](https://open.bu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3ca8acf3-b599-482f-9d95-35a52786cfae/content). Later assessments have been warmer: Screen Slate places it, alongside Bergman's *Winter Light*, among the most serious treatments of Cold War nuclear-annihilation anxiety, and Time Out calls it Kurosawa's least commercially successful work while crediting its humanist power[10](https://www.screenslate.com/articles/i-live-fear) • [8](https://www.timeout.com/movies/i-live-in-fear).
The film stands as the last of Kurosawa's immediate postwar works to wrestle directly with the demons of the Second World War and as his most literal depiction of living in the atomic age[3](https://www.criterion.com/films/897-i-live-in-fear). He returned to nuclear fear in later films, *Dreams* (1990) and *Rhapsody in August* (1991), which share with it the figure of a family head driven mad by nuclear terror and the appearance of a Japanese-emigrant farm owner as a key character[13](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscsj/12/0/12_44/_pdf/-char/ja).
## References
1. [生きものの記録 (I Live in Fear), Japanese Film Database (JFDB)](https://jfdb.jp/title/10059)
2. [Film Club: Record of a Living Being (1955), Akira Kurosawa News](https://akirakurosawa.info/2012/09/01/film-club-record-of-a-living-being-1955/)
3. [I Live in Fear (1955), The Criterion Collection](https://www.criterion.com/films/897-i-live-in-fear)
4. [生きものの記録 - 作品情報, KINENOTE](https://www.kinenote.com/main/public/cinema/detail.aspx?cinema_id=24600)
5. [I Live in Fear, Turner Classic Movies (Jeff Stafford, 2010)](https://www.tcm.com/articles/290052/i-live-in-fear)
6. [Akira Kurosawa's Record of a Living Being, Cinema Sojourns (2020)](https://cinemasojourns.com/2020/03/29/akira-kurosawas-record-of-a-living-being/)
7. [I Live in Fear, Eye Filmmuseum](https://www.eyefilm.nl/en/whats-on/i-live-in-fear/1462661)
8. [I Live in Fear, Time Out (2012)](https://www.timeout.com/movies/i-live-in-fear)
9. [I Live in Fear, Japan Foundation, Japanese Film Classics (PDF)](https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/publish/film/pdf/japanese-film-classics-00.pdf)
10. [I Live in Fear, Screen Slate (Cosmo Bjorkenheim, 2018)](https://www.screenslate.com/articles/i-live-fear)
11. [구로사와 아키라의 《산 자의 기록》에 관한 고찰, DBpia](https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07368050)
12. [「生きものの記録」台本（準備稿）, 黒澤明デジタルアーカイブ, Ryukoku University](https://www.ss.i.ryukoku.ac.jp/ka/asset/09596.html)
13. [片岡佑介「黒澤明『八月の狂詩曲』の対位法にみる和解と狂気の技法」, 映画研究 12号 (2017), J-Stage](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscsj/12/0/12_44/_pdf/-char/ja)
14. [Understanding Nuclear Genocide through Film (Siazon thesis excerpts), Boston University Open](https://open.bu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3ca8acf3-b599-482f-9d95-35a52786cfae/content)
---
*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Screen and stage › Film and television › Films and standalone screen works › Individual films by title and year › Drama and biographical films (individual works) › Drama films 1950s*
*Initially written Oct 3, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 3, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 25, 2026; Nov 1, 2026 · Last review: Oct 25, 2026*
*Copyright 2026 EdgeChat AI, a subsidiary of Biostate AI.*
License: Edgepedia Community License 1.0, https://www.edgepedia.org/edgepedia/license