# Le Doulos
**Le Doulos** is a 1962 French-Italian black-and-white crime film written, adapted, and directed by [Jean-Pierre Melville](https://www.edgepedia.org/jean-pierre-melville), based on the 1957 novel of the same name by Pierre Lesou. The title is Parisian criminal slang for a hat and, by extension, for a police informer, and the film turns on the question of whether the gangster Silien ([Jean-Paul Belmondo](https://www.edgepedia.org/jean-paul-belmondo)) has betrayed his friend, the burglar Maurice Faugel ([Serge Reggiani](https://www.edgepedia.org/serge-reggiani)), just out of prison.[1](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark%3A/12148/cb164585330) • [2](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/702-le-doulos-walking-ghosts%26lang%3Den) It was Melville's seventh feature and his first true foray into the Série noire crime genre in which he would later make *Le deuxième souffle*, *Le samouraï*, and *Le cercle rouge*.[2](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/702-le-doulos-walking-ghosts%26lang%3Den)
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Director and source | Jean-Pierre Melville (1917–1973); adapted from Pierre Lesou's 1957 novel *Le Doulos*[1](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark%3A/12148/cb164585330) |
| Production | France and Italy; Rome-Paris Films and Compagnia Cinematografica Champion, produced by Carlo Ponti and Georges de Beauregard[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) |
| Release | Italy 13 December 1962; France 8 February 1963[4](https://cineuropa.org/fr/film/401050/) |
| Running time | 109 minutes per the CNC visa record; other catalogs list 108 or 110 minutes[5](https://www.cnc.fr/professionnels/visas-et-classification/26164) |
| Principal cast | Jean-Paul Belmondo (Silien), Serge Reggiani (Maurice Faugel), Jean Desailly (Inspector Clain), Michel Piccoli (Nuttheccio), Fabienne Dali (Fabienne)[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) |
| Key crew | Nicolas Hayer (cinematography), Paul Misraki (music), Monique Bonnot (editing), Daniel Guéret (production design)[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) |
| French box office | 1,475,391 tickets sold, Melville's second major commercial success after *Léon Morin, prêtre*[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) |
## Spoilers
### Plot and structure
Maurice Faugel, released after four years in prison, kills the fence who murdered his wife, hides the loot, and prepares a burglary, confiding in Silien, one of the few men he still trusts.[7](https://www.lemonde.fr/vous/article/2010/04/03/le-doulos_1328486_3238.html) When a police inspector turns up mid-robbery and Faugel escapes wounded, he comes to suspect that Silien is a *doulos*, a stoolpigeon, and swears revenge.[8](https://player.bfi.org.uk/subscription/film/watch-le-doulos-1963-online)
**The narrative twist.** For nearly the first 90 minutes the spectator, like Faugel, is led to believe Silien is the informer: his phone call to Inspector Salignari, his assault on Thérèse, his appropriation of the stolen jewels, and his staging of the deaths of the gangster Nuttheccio and Armand all point that way. Silien then reveals that Thérèse, not he, was the informer, forcing a rereading of everything that came before. Melville said he "gave a double twist to the situations in the novel," but the film scholar Ginette Vincendeau, professor at [King's College London](https://www.edgepedia.org/kings-college-london) and author of *Jean-Pierre Melville: An American in Paris*, argues that the structure of deception comes from Lesou's book, whose reader is misled in the same way.[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) Even Silien's final revelations are not guaranteed true; Melville edits them over dreamy piano music, and Silien's backer Jean could be lying with him.[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/)
Nearly every character lies to someone at some point, in keeping with the epigraph, and the film ends with a shootout in which the characters who lie and die engulf one another, contradicting the opening choice with its consequences.[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) The Larousse film dictionary summarizes the ending as a long, Elizabethan-style settling of accounts in which everyone dies.[9](https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/film/le_Doulos/3718)
## Title and epigraph
The film opens with on-screen text explaining that "doulos" is argot for "hat" or "hat man," and also for an informant. Melville then quotes the epigram "One must choose: to lie or to die," attributed in the film to no one; the [Criterion](https://www.edgepedia.org/criterion) essayist Glenn Kenny, a film critic who writes for the New York Times and RogerEbert.com, notes that the line is [Louis-Ferdinand Céline](https://www.edgepedia.org/louis-ferdinand-celine)'s, with Céline's self-deprecating admission that he never "killed [him]self" left off.[2](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/702-le-doulos-walking-ghosts%26lang%3Den) The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw renders the same choice as the underworld's guiding principle, "Lie or die."[6](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/11/le-doulos-review-jean-pierre-melville-jean-paul-belmondo)
## Style and American models
Melville told an interviewer in 1963 that the film draws on "the mythology of American gangster films of the 1930s which follow a very distinct code of behaviour, like in Westerns."[10](https://bbcinsight.pages.dev/culture/article/20230117-the-violent-french-film-that-changed-crime-cinema) Vincendeau notes that he borrowed details down to Americanized car brands and bar names, and that the trench coat, hat, and high-contrast black-and-white lighting place the film within the iconography of 1930s and 1940s American noir.[10](https://bbcinsight.pages.dev/culture/article/20230117-the-violent-french-film-that-changed-crime-cinema) The credit sequence, with Faugel walking through a grim underpass in hat and trench coat, silhouetted by Nicolas Hayer's photography against Paul Misraki's jazz score, is described by [Sight and Sound](https://www.edgepedia.org/sight-and-sound) as one of the most evocative openings of any noir thriller.[11](https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/how-french-birthed-film-noir)
The film diverges from its American template in its intricacy. Vincendeau writes that "the traditional clarity of action of the American cinema is challenged head-on by Le Doulos's complex plotting, ambiguity and withholding of information, right from frame one."[10](https://bbcinsight.pages.dev/culture/article/20230117-the-violent-french-film-that-changed-crime-cinema) Where American noir reprimands its devious characters to make a moral point, Melville's persistent ambiguity is, in her view, deeply Gallic. His Paris is desolate: the camera opens on the Sacré-Cœur and pulls back to end in a bombed-out wasteland, against the romantic city of *Jules et Jim* or *Cléo from 5 to 7* released the same year.[10](https://bbcinsight.pages.dev/culture/article/20230117-the-violent-french-film-that-changed-crime-cinema)
## Reception and legacy
**1963 reception.** The film was widely reviewed by the French daily and weekly press and drew flattering comparisons with the three "gold standards" of the French crime film, *Touchez pas au grisbi*, *Le Trou*, and *Du rififi chez les hommes*. *L'Express* summed up the consensus of praise for its technique as "quasi perfection of Le Doulos." Claude Beylie's review in *Cahiers du cinéma* stressed the film's moral reflection on truth and lies. A dissenting note in *Les Nouvelles littéraires*, "all we see here is a lot of professionalism," anticipated the "all technique and no content" criticism that followed Melville into the 1990s. Since 1963 the film has come to be regarded as a classic and was included in *Cahiers du cinéma*'s special issue of 100 films.[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/)
The film's commercial performance rested on its clever plot, which publicity urged audiences not to miss the beginning of, and on Belmondo, then the top young male star, and Reggiani, hailed as an actor scandalously ignored by filmmakers since *Casque d'or* (1952).[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/) Michel Piccoli, in his only appearance in a Melville film, plays the nightclub owner Nuttheccio; his scene facing Silien's revolver, trying to buy his survival with money, was described by *Le Monde*'s Jean-François Rauger as confirming Melville's distaste for visible emotion.[12](https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2020/05/27/revoir-michel-piccoli-dans-huit-films-et-un-documentaire_6040852_3476.html)
**Later influence.** [Quentin Tarantino](https://www.edgepedia.org/quentin-tarantino) named *Le Doulos* as an influence on *Reservoir Dogs* (1992), telling interviewer Josh Becker that it was "my favourite screenplay of all time, with Jean-Paul Belmondo; it's fantastic."[10](https://bbcinsight.pages.dev/culture/article/20230117-the-violent-french-film-that-changed-crime-cinema) [The Criterion Collection](https://www.edgepedia.org/the-criterion-collection) released the film on home video as spine number 447 with a restored high-definition transfer, commentary by Vincendeau, and interviews with Volker Schlöndorff and Bertrand Tavernier, who served respectively as assistant director and publicity agent on the production.[13](https://www.criterion.com/films/759-le-doulos) Schlöndorff also appears uncredited as a man entering a bar.[3](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/)
## References
1. [Notice de titre conventionnel "Le Doulos (film)", Bibliothèque nationale de France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark%3A/12148/cb164585330)
2. [Glenn Kenny, "Le doulos: Walking Ghosts", The Criterion Collection (2008)](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/702-le-doulos-walking-ghosts%26lang%3Den)
3. [Ginette Vincendeau, BFI Southbank programme notes for Le Doulos](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/big%20screen%20classics/2021/06/07/doulos/)
4. [Le doulos, Cineuropa](https://cineuropa.org/fr/film/401050/)
5. [Visas et Classification n° 26164, Centre national du cinéma](https://www.cnc.fr/professionnels/visas-et-classification/26164)
6. [Peter Bradshaw, "Le Doulos review", The Guardian (2017)](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/aug/11/le-doulos-review-jean-pierre-melville-jean-paul-belmondo)
7. [Jacques Mandelbaum, "Le Doulos", Le Monde (2010)](https://www.lemonde.fr/vous/article/2010/04/03/le-doulos_1328486_3238.html)
8. [Le Doulos, BFI Player](https://player.bfi.org.uk/subscription/film/watch-le-doulos-1963-online)
9. [le Doulos, Dictionnaire mondial des films, Larousse](https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/film/le_Doulos/3718)
10. ["Le Doulos: the violent French film that changed crime cinema", BBC Culture (2023)](https://bbcinsight.pages.dev/culture/article/20230117-the-violent-french-film-that-changed-crime-cinema)
11. ["How the French birthed film noir", Sight and Sound, BFI (2016)](https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/features/how-french-birthed-film-noir)
12. [Jean-François Rauger, "Neuf films pour revoir Michel Piccoli", Le Monde (2020)](https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2020/05/27/revoir-michel-piccoli-dans-huit-films-et-un-documentaire_6040852_3476.html)
13. [Le doulos (1962), The Criterion Collection](https://www.criterion.com/films/759-le-doulos)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Screen and stage › Film and television › Films and standalone screen works › Individual films by title and year › Film noir and neo-noir films › Released 1940 to 1975*
*Initially written Oct 3, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 25, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 25, 2026; Nov 1, 2026 · Last review: Oct 25, 2026*
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