# Plesiosaurus
**Plesiosaurus** is a genus of extinct marine reptiles, named by William Conybeare in 1824 from Jurassic rocks at [Lyme Regis](https://www.edgepedia.org/lyme-regis), England, and today containing only its type species *Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus*. The name, from the Greek *plesion* ("near"), was originally chosen because the animal was thought intermediate between an ichthyosaur and a crocodile; many other [plesiosaur](https://www.edgepedia.org/plesiosaur) species were placed in the genus over the following years before taxonomic revisions cut it back to one.[1](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/reconstructing-a-new-animal/) • [2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/)
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Type species | *Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus* Conybeare, 1824; holotype NHMUK 22656, a complete skeleton collected by Mary Anning at Lyme Regis[2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/) |
| Number of valid species | One, after Storrs (1997) and later revisions transferred the remaining species to other genera[2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/) |
| Size | Around 3.5 meters long; the group Plesiosauria ranged from under 2 m to over 12 m[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html) • [4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) |
| Locomotion | Two pairs of flippers (four flippers) used as underwater wings (lift-based "flight"), not rowing[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) |
| Neck | Stiff, mainly capable of ventral (downward) bending; over 30 cervical vertebrae by historical counts of 33 or about 46[5](https://era-prod11.ethz.ch/download/pdf/18243557.pdf) • [6](https://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/Bridgewater-Treatises/06-1837-BW-Buckland/PDFpages/06-1837-BW-Buckland-0205.pdf) |
| Age and locality | Uppermost Sinemurian, Black Ven Marl / Charmouth Mudstone Formation, Lyme Regis, Dorset[7](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_name=Plesiosaurus+dolichodeirus) • [8](https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87CE-2570-FF98-FF5B-507DFC60FA1E) |
| Discovery | First articulated specimen found by Mary Anning on 10 December 1823, bought for 150 guineas[9](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/) |
## What Plesiosaurus is (and is not)
The popular image of the long-necked, [Loch Ness](https://www.edgepedia.org/loch-ness) monster-shaped sea reptile bending its neck in a swan-like curve is largely wrong in two ways. First, historical mounts and paleoart depicted plesiosaurs rowing with their flippers like oars, a drag-based stroke; modern consensus is that plesiosaurs used lift-based swimming, more like four wings in underwater flight, with flippers that are long, slender, and taper to a point.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) Second, the neck was not the flexible snake-like appendage of popular art: tight vertebral articulation made it surprisingly stiff, and it probably served to conceal the body visually and hydrodynamically from prey rather than to strike like a serpent.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
The name itself is also narrower than the old picture suggests. Storrs's taxonomic revision, published in the *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology* in 1994 and elaborated in 1997, reduced the recognized species to three, and after the transfers of "*P.*" *guilelmiimperatoris* to *Seeleyosaurus* and "*P.*" *brachypterygius* to *Hydrorion* (Grossman 2007), *Plesiosaurus* contains only *P. dolichodeirus*.[2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/) • [10](http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/morphological-characterization-and-taxonomic-clarification-of-the-genus-plesiosaurus-and-its-type-species-p-dolichodeirus(e5ffad9d-7c33-4605-9d97-252521f5027c)/export.html) Other historical species left the genus too: "*P.*" *rostratus* became *Archaeonectrus*, "*P.*" *conybeari* became *Attenborosaurus*, "*P.*" *megacephalus* was made the type of the new genus *Atychodracon*, and "*P.*" *macrocephalus* is probably a juvenile rhomaleosaurid.[2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/) • [11](https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1146-plesiosaurus-megacephalus)
## Discovery and naming
*Plesiosaurus* was first described in a 1821 paper by Henry De la Beche and William Conybeare, which suggested an animal intermediate between an ichthyosaur and a crocodile; the name derives from the Greek *plesion*, "near".[1](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/reconstructing-a-new-animal/) The word "plesiosaur" for the wider group was coined afterward, in reference to these fossils.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html)
**Mary Anning's find.** On 10 December 1823 the Lyme Regis fossil hunter [Mary Anning](https://www.edgepedia.org/mary-anning), a commercial collector whose finds were sold to scientists and institutions, discovered the first complete *Plesiosaurus* skeleton.[9](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/) • [12](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/mary-anning-unsung-hero.html) The animal was so strange that rumors spread that the fossil was a fake, an assembled composite.[12](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/mary-anning-unsung-hero.html) Contemporaries questioned whether the uniquely long neck and small head truly belonged with the rest of the skeleton, and Conybeare's first formal description records his own disbelief.[13](https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-44.1.29) The French anatomist [Georges Cuvier](https://www.edgepedia.org/georges-cuvier) first considered it a fraud and was convinced only after studying the original specimen.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
The specimen was bought by the [Duke of Buckingham](https://www.edgepedia.org/duke-of-buckingham) for 150 guineas, displayed at the Geological Society on 20 February 1824, and acquired by the Natural History Museum in 1848; it is now the holotype of *P. dolichodeirus* (NHMUK 22656).[9](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/) • [2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/) Anning found a second plesiosaur in 1824, sold to Constant Prévost and now cataloged as MNHN A. C. 8592 in Paris; Cuvier figured it in 1825 and Storrs referred it to *P. dolichodeirus* in 1997.[14](https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/32/3/un-specimen-de-plesiosaure-du-lias-de-lyme-regis-le-deuxieme-plesiosaure-decouvert-par-mary-anning)
## Anatomy and appearance
*Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus* was around 3.5 meters long.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html) The 1823 specimen measures about three meters by two meters wide as laid out, its body plan combining a small head, a long neck, a rigid trunk with four wing-like flippers, and a short tail.[9](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/)
**Vertebral counts.** How many neck bones it had was disputed from the start. Conybeare's 1824 description gave about forty-six cervical vertebrae, nearly double the count in recent crocodiles and more than the forty-one of *Ichthyosaurus*;[5](https://era-prod11.ethz.ch/download/pdf/18243557.pdf) Buckland in 1837 described a neck almost equalling body and tail in length, with about thirty-three vertebrae, surpassing the swan.[6](https://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/Bridgewater-Treatises/06-1837-BW-Buckland/PDFpages/06-1837-BW-Buckland-0205.pdf) The Paris specimen preserves 56 vertebrae in the vertebral column: 8 basal cervicals, 4 pectorals, 17 dorsals, 27 caudals, and no sacrals.[14](https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/32/3/un-specimen-de-plesiosaure-du-lias-de-lyme-regis-le-deuxieme-plesiosaure-decouvert-par-mary-anning)
The skull and teeth point to small prey such as fish and crustaceans.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html)
## How it moved and fed
Plesiosaurs are the classic case of four-winged underwater flight: both flipper pairs generated lift rather than drag, unlike the rowing shown in older reconstructions.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) Water-tank experiments with reconstructed plesiosaur flippers showed that the hind flippers, when operating in harmony with the fore flippers, produced up to 60% more thrust and 40% higher efficiency than when acting alone; the two pairs were morphologically identical, and the spacing and relative motion of the flippers were critical to the result.[15](https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/284/1861/20170951/84613/The-four-flipper-swimming-method-of-plesiosaurs) The upstroke appears weaker than the downstroke because of relatively small muscle-attachment areas for lifting the flippers.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) These findings explained why plesiosaurs retained two flipper pairs for more than 100 million years and settled a debate, running since the 1950s, between rowing and underwater-flight models.[15](https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/284/1861/20170951/84613/The-four-flipper-swimming-method-of-plesiosaurs)
The neck did not strike at prey. Anatomical study of the cervical vertebrae shows the neck was mainly adapted for ventral bending, with dorsal, lateral, and rotational movement restricted; it acted as a stiff but downward-flexible feeding tube mounted on a mobile body.[16](https://app.pan.pl/article/item/app003342016.html) This supports feeding in the water column or near the sea bottom while the hidden, low-profile body approached prey, consistent with the concealment function proposed for the stiff neck.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) The diet itself is inferred from tooth and skull form: fish and crustaceans.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html)
## Habitat, time, and range
*P. dolichodeirus* is known from the uppermost [Sinemurian](https://www.edgepedia.org/sinemurian) stage of the Early Jurassic, in the *Echioceras raricostatum* ammonite zone of the Black Ven Marl Formation at Lyme Regis, part of the Charmouth Mudstone Formation succession.[7](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_name=Plesiosaurus+dolichodeirus) • [8](https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87CE-2570-FF98-FF5B-507DFC60FA1E) These Dorset-coast deposits preserve entire skeletons because they were laid down in poorly oxygenated, quiet waters.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
The wider group, Plesiosauria, had a far larger footprint: it originated near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary, persisted to the end-[Cretaceous](https://www.edgepedia.org/cretaceous) mass extinction, and is known from all continents.[17](https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=bio_sciences_faculty)
## How it compares with other plesiosaurians
Within Plesiosauria, *Plesiosaurus* sits in Plesiosauridae inside Plesiosauroidea. A large phylogenetic analysis of 66 taxa and 178 characters recovered a monophyletic Plesiosauridae comprising *P. dolichodeirus*, *Hydrorion brachypterygius*, *Microcleidus homalospondylus*, *Occitanosaurus tournemirensis*, and *Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris*; the same framework erected Neoplesiosauria for the union of Plesiosauroidea and Pliosauroidea.[18](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x) So *Plesiosaurus* is a plesiosauroid, not a pliosauroid.
The familiar split between "long-necked plesiosaurs" and "short-necked pliosaurs" is a morphological one, not a clean taxonomic divide. Under modern cladistics the dichotomy is invalid; plesio- and pliosauromorph body plans are morphotypes that evolved convergently several times within Plesiosauria.[19](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-021-00563-w) A principal-component analysis of body proportions likewise cast doubt on the taxonomic validity of the plesiosaur/pliosaur dichotomy and suggested the pliosaur morphotype evolved independently in more than one clade.[20](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/evolution-of-plesiosaur-and-pliosaur-morphotypes-in-the-plesiosauria-reptilia-sauropterygia/8A68F79F7BCF0D56D2D7435D3A018704) Convergence even runs across the family tree: leptocleidids and polycotylids are sister taxa within Plesiosauroidea, meaning the short-necked, big-headed pliosauromorph body plan appeared twice inside the group.[18](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x)
The size contrast between *Plesiosaurus* and its giant relatives is large. Elasmosaurus and its relatives could have more than 70 neck bones, whereas pliosaurs have around 20 neck vertebrae.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html) Plesiosaurs overall ranged from under 2 m to over 12 m in length; the largest elasmosaurs reached up to six metric tons, while pliosaurs over 10 m long must have exceeded 15 metric tons.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) *Plesiosaurus*, at roughly 3.5 m with a fish-and-crustacean diet, sits near the modest end of that range, in contrast to *[Pliosaurus](https://www.edgepedia.org/pliosaurus)*, whose triangular, double-edged teeth were adapted to dismembering large prey including ichthyosaurs, other plesiosaurs, and sea turtles, as documented by fossilized stomach contents.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
## Plesiosaurus by the numbers
- Length: about 3.5 m for *P. dolichodeirus*[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html)
- First articulated specimen: about 3 × 2 m as displayed[9](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/)
- Historical cervical counts: about 46 (Conybeare 1824) versus about 33 (Buckland 1837)[5](https://era-prod11.ethz.ch/download/pdf/18243557.pdf) • [6](https://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/Bridgewater-Treatises/06-1837-BW-Buckland/PDFpages/06-1837-BW-Buckland-0205.pdf)
- Paris specimen (MNHN A. C. 8592): 56 preserved vertebrae[14](https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/32/3/un-specimen-de-plesiosaure-du-lias-de-lyme-regis-le-deuxieme-plesiosaure-decouvert-par-mary-anning)
- Group size range: under 2 m to over 12 m; masses up to 6 t (elasmosaurs) and over 15 t (giant pliosaurs)[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
- Price of the 1823 holotype: 150 guineas[9](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/)
- Valid species today: one[2](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/)
No empirical relationship between skeletal measurements and body mass has been established for plesiosaurs, so mass estimates rely on volumetric modeling; a specific mass for *P. dolichodeirus* in kilograms is therefore not available.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
## What has changed since 2023
**Soft tissue.** A 2025 study in *Current Biology* described skin, scales, and cells in a virtually complete plesiosaur from the roughly 183-million-year-old [Posidonia Shale](https://www.edgepedia.org/posidonia-shale). The tail integument is scaleless, preserving melanosomes, keratinocytes with their nuclei, and identifiable epidermal layers; the front flipper integument instead integrates small sub-triangular scale-like structures that may have influenced hydrodynamics or provided traction during feeding near the sea floor.[21](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822%2825%2900001-6) The pattern, smooth scaleless tail skin and scaly flippers, runs counter to what is known in other marine reptiles and was widely reported for that reason.[22](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/06/science/plesiosaur-fossils-skin-scales.html) The Natural History Museum compares the scaly flipper skin to a sea turtle's.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html)
**Locomotion modeling.** A 2024 study in *Scientific Reports* developed a bio-inspired decentralized-control method to model how plesiosaurs coordinated their two pairs of flippers, a new computational angle on the four-wing problem.[23](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55805-z) A 2024 preprint also introduced new body-reconstruction and size-estimation methods for plesiosaurs.[24](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.578844v1.full)
**New taxa and biology.** In 2025, *Plesionectes longicollum* gen. et sp. nov. was described from the Posidonia Shale, an early-diverging plesiosauroid with a preserved skeleton of 295 cm (an estimated 320 cm including the skull) and a position sister to *Franconiasaurus* plus Cryptoclidia.[25](https://peerj.com/articles/19665/) A 2024 paper described three-dimensionally preserved skeletons of a new transitional plesiosaur that fill a gap in early plesiosauroid evolutionary history.[26](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2024.1341470/full) On physiology, several lines of recent evidence indicate plesiosaurs were fully endothermic, implying blubber as insulation.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) On reproduction, plesiosaurs were probably unable to return to land and likely gave live birth in open water, supported by a preserved fetus in a specimen of the polycotylid *Polycotylus*.[3](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html) Both the endothermy and live-birth evidence come from plesiosaurs generally, not from *P. dolichodeirus* specifically.
## In science and popular culture
Anning advertised the specimen to buyers in correspondence as "the most Curious and illustrative [example] yet discovered", reflecting the commercial fossil trade of Lyme Regis.[27](https://wellcomecollection.org/stories/would-you-like-to-buy-a-dinosaur-) The authenticity rumors and Cuvier's eventual reversal made the animal famous in the scientific disputes of the day.[12](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/mary-anning-unsung-hero.html) • [4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
The popular image, however, froze at an older science. Historical mounts and paleoart showed plesiosaurs rowing with their flippers, and that drag-based stroke is what feeds the enduring sea-serpent and Loch Ness monster imagery.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) The modern reconstruction is different in both respects: a lift-based four-flipper swimmer with a stiff neck used for stealthy approach, not a serpentine oarsman.[4](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9) • [16](https://app.pan.pl/article/item/app003342016.html)
## References
1. [De la Beche & Conybeare and the reconstruction of a new animal – Geological Society of London](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/reconstructing-a-new-animal/)
2. [Plesiosaurus – Plesiosaur Directory](https://plesiosauria.com/genera/plesiosaurus/)
3. [What is a plesiosaur? – Natural History Museum, London](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-plesiosaur.html)
4. [Plesiosaurs – Current Biology primer (2023)](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00466-9)
5. [Conybeare (1824), original description of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus (e-rara scan)](https://era-prod11.ethz.ch/download/pdf/18243557.pdf)
6. [Buckland (1837), Geology and Mineralogy – Plesiosaurus neck](https://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/Bridgewater-Treatises/06-1837-BW-Buckland/PDFpages/06-1837-BW-Buckland-0205.pdf)
7. [PBDB Taxon: Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_name=Plesiosaurus+dolichodeirus)
8. [Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare, 1824 – taxonomic treatment (Plazi)](https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87CE-2570-FF98-FF5B-507DFC60FA1E)
9. [Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus – Geological Society of London exhibition](https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/the-library/online-exhibitions/mary-anning-and-the-geological-society/reconstruction-of-life/plesiosaurus-dolichodeirus/)
10. [Storrs – Morphological characterization and taxonomic clarification of the genus Plesiosaurus (JVP, 1994), University of Bristol record](http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/morphological-characterization-and-taxonomic-clarification-of-the-genus-plesiosaurus-and-its-type-species-p-dolichodeirus(e5ffad9d-7c33-4605-9d97-252521f5027c)/export.html)
11. ["Plesiosaurus" megacephalus – Palaeontologia Electronica](https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1146-plesiosaurus-megacephalus)
12. [Mary Anning: The unsung hero of fossil discovery – Natural History Museum](https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/mary-anning-unsung-hero.html)
13. ["The most wonderful wonder ever discovered": Mary Anning's 1823 Plesiosaurus – Earth Sciences History](https://doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-44.1.29)
14. [A plesiosaur specimen from the Lias of Lyme Regis: the second plesiosaur discovered by Mary Anning – Geodiversitas](https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/32/3/un-specimen-de-plesiosaure-du-lias-de-lyme-regis-le-deuxieme-plesiosaure-decouvert-par-mary-anning)
15. [The four-flipper swimming method of plesiosaurs enabled efficient underwater flight – Proceedings of the Royal Society B](https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/284/1861/20170951/84613/The-four-flipper-swimming-method-of-plesiosaurs)
16. [The role of the long neck in plesiosaurs – Acta Palaeontologica Polonica](https://app.pan.pl/article/item/app003342016.html)
17. [A Cladistic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision of the Plesiosauria – Marshall University](https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=bio_sciences_faculty)
18. [Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria – Biological Reviews](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x)
19. [Locomotory apparatus and paraxial swimming in fossil and living marine reptiles – PalZ (2021)](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-021-00563-w)
20. [Evolution of plesiosaur and pliosaur morphotypes in the Plesiosauria – Paleobiology (2002)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/abs/evolution-of-plesiosaur-and-pliosaur-morphotypes-in-the-plesiosauria-reptilia-sauropterygia/8A68F79F7BCF0D56D2D7435D3A018704)
21. [Skin, scales, and cells in a Jurassic plesiosaur – Current Biology (2025)](https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822%2825%2900001-6)
22. [Fossils Preserve Both Skin and Scales From an Ancient Sea Monster – The New York Times (2025)](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/06/science/plesiosaur-fossils-skin-scales.html)
23. [Rethinking the four-wing problem in plesiosaur swimming using bio-inspired decentralized control – Scientific Reports (2024)](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55805-z)
24. [Body reconstruction and size estimation of plesiosaurs – bioRxiv (2024)](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.15.578844v1.full)
25. [An unusual early-diverging plesiosauroid from the Posidonia Shale (Plesionectes longicollum) – PeerJ (2025)](https://peerj.com/articles/19665/)
26. [Exquisite skeletons of a new transitional plesiosaur – Frontiers in Earth Science (2024)](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2024.1341470/full)
27. [Would you like to buy a dinosaur? – Wellcome Collection](https://wellcomecollection.org/stories/would-you-like-to-buy-a-dinosaur-)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Life and health › Animals › Vertebrates › Reptiles and amphibians › Reptiles › Reptile biology and paleobiology › Titles N to V*
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