# Summertime (1955 film)
**Summertime** is a 1955 romantic drama directed by [David Lean](https://www.edgepedia.org/david-lean), in which [Katharine Hepburn](https://www.edgepedia.org/katharine-hepburn) plays Jane Hudson, a lonely middle-aged American secretary from [Akron, Ohio](https://www.edgepedia.org/akron-ohio), who falls in love with a Venetian shopkeeper, Renato De Rossi (Rossano Brazzi), during a summer vacation in Venice[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) • [2](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summertime). It was adapted from Arthur Laurents' play *The Time of the Cuckoo*, with a screenplay by H. E. Bates and Lean, and it was photographed by Jack Hildyard in Technicolor on location in Venice[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) • [3](https://api.screendollars.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TFV-Venice_0123_3.pdf). The film was released in the United States as *Summertime* and in the United Kingdom as *Summer Madness*[4](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/51675-SUMMERTIME).
| Key fact | Detail |
|---|---|
| Director / star | David Lean; Katharine Hepburn as Jane Hudson, Rossano Brazzi as Renato De Rossi[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) |
| Source | The play *The Time of the Cuckoo* by Arthur Laurents; screenplay by H. E. Bates and David Lean[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) |
| Release titles | *Summertime* (US, June 21, 1955, United Artists); *Summer Madness* (UK, autumn 1955); working title *The Time of the Cuckoo*[3](https://api.screendollars.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TFV-Venice_0123_3.pdf) • [4](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/51675-SUMMERTIME) |
| Production | Shot on location in Venice in Technicolor in 1954; a United States, United Kingdom, and Italy co-production[3](https://api.screendollars.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TFV-Venice_0123_3.pdf) |
| Key crew | Cinematography Jack Hildyard; editing Peter Taylor; production design Vincent Korda; music Alessandro Cicognini; produced by Ilya Lopert[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) |
| Runtime | About 100 minutes, in color at 1.37:1[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) |
| Standing | Lean called it his personal favorite among his own films[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) |
## Spoilers
### Story and characters
Jane Hudson is a "fancy secretary" from Akron, Ohio, who has saved for years to make her first trip to Europe. Arriving in Venice, she is overwhelmed by the city's churches and palazzi, photographed by Jack Hildyard in a palette of blue and gold, but her solitude in a city of couples becomes painful. She is drawn into a seemingly impossible affair with Renato De Rossi, a charming Italian shopkeeper, and must confront her insecurities when she learns he is married[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime) • [2](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summertime) • [5](https://www.janusfilms.com/films/1063).
The supporting cast includes Isa Miranda as Signora Fiorini, the proprietress of Jane's pensione; [Darren McGavin](https://www.edgepedia.org/darren-mcgavin) and Mari Aldon as Eddie and Phyl Yaeger, a philistine American couple; Jane Rose and MacDonald Parke as the McIlhennys; Jeremy Spenser as Vito De Rossi; and the child actor Gaetano Autiero as Mauro, a street boy who befriends Jane[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime). The film's critic essayist David Denby, film critic for *New York* magazine, described Lean's attention to Jane's early tourist mishaps: struggles with a porter, bafflement when her "bus" turns out to be a slow-moving boat, and stumbling over restaurant Italian[6](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/32-summertime).
## From stage to screen
Laurents wrote the lead role in *The Time of the Cuckoo* expressly for [Shirley Booth](https://www.edgepedia.org/shirley-booth), for whom the play's producers waited a year because she was committed to other projects; the play opened on Broadway to strong reviews in 1952. When Hollywood studios became interested in a film version, there was much speculation that Booth would star, and producer Hal Wallis pursued the rights, but Booth refused to work with him after he told her she was "too old" for the part. Katharine Hepburn expressed interest, and in 1953 the producer Ilya Lopert acquired the rights[4](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/51675-SUMMERTIME). Donald Ogden Stewart, the Oscar-winning writer of *The Philadelphia Story*, also tried to adapt the play and failed[7](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-26-et-gritten26-story.html).
The onscreen closing credits spell Brazzi's character "Renato De Rossi," although many contemporary sources list "Renato Di Rossi"[4](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/51675-SUMMERTIME). The film ends less harshly than the play; a later stage musical adaptation of the same material, *Do I Hear a Waltz?* (1965), with music by [Richard Rodgers](https://www.edgepedia.org/richard-rodgers) and lyrics by [Stephen Sondheim](https://www.edgepedia.org/stephen-sondheim), used yet another ending[8](https://www.framerated.co.uk/summertime-1955/).
## Production in Venice
Production began in Venice in mid-July 1955 according to one TCM account, while a Venice festival retrospective states the film was shot on location in [Technicolor](https://www.edgepedia.org/technicolor) in 1954[9](https://www.tcm.com/articles/276746/summertime) • [3](https://api.screendollars.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TFV-Venice_0123_3.pdf). It was a co-production between Korda's British Lion and [United Artists](https://www.edgepedia.org/united-artists), and Lean's third film in color[10](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/7866-summertime-souvenirs).
**The canal scene.** The production's most difficult shot came when Hepburn falls backwards into a Venice canal. Hepburn, having taken a good look at the water, was anything but enthusiastic, but neither the director nor Vincent Korda was willing to compromise with realism[9](https://www.tcm.com/articles/276746/summertime). According to A. Scott Berg's biography *Kate Remembered*, Hepburn took every precaution before shooting, putting lotion all over her body and antiseptic unguents on a small cut on one finger, and bathed and gargled with disinfectant as soon as Lean got his shot[11](https://www.tcm.com/articles/467419/behind-the-camera-summertime). Camera operator Peter Newbrook said the fall happened only once, though she had to return to the water for certain reaction shots[11](https://www.tcm.com/articles/467419/behind-the-camera-summertime). Hepburn later claimed the immersion caused the chronic eye infection that made her eyes water for the rest of her life[9](https://www.tcm.com/articles/276746/summertime).
Lean encountered problems with the local authorities and donated money for the restoration of a local church to break the deadlock[11](https://www.tcm.com/articles/467419/behind-the-camera-summertime).
## Place in Lean's career
*Summertime* was Lean's first film made abroad, and the location shoot marked a turning point in his career: the remainder of his films, from *The Bridge on the River Kwai* to *A Passage to India*, could be considered outdoor spectacles[12](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/seniors/2023/07/24/summertime/) • [1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime). The Lean scholar Melanie Williams notes that it occupies a halfway point between his epics and his smaller films like *Madeleine* (1950) and *Brief Encounter* (1945)[8](https://www.framerated.co.uk/summertime-1955/). Lean called it his personal favorite among his own films[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime).
The film belongs to the "travelogue romance," a group of Hollywood films of the 1950s and 1960s that share a narrative focus on romance in a European location and were shot on location[13](https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/91982/1/WRAP_Theses_Wasik_2016.pdf). In 1955 the conventions of the formula, in which Americans needed Europeans for sensual instruction, were still in place, and the film proved a popular addition to the idiom perhaps best exemplified by 1942's *Now, Voyager*[6](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/32-summertime). Scholars have also read it in the context of postwar consumer diplomacy, in which the US government encouraged American vacation travel to western Europe, presenting travel to Italy as transformative for the American woman[14](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1755182X.2011.575953?journalCode=rjth20).
## Reception and legacy
Contemporary response was mixed. Bosley Crowther of *The New York Times* wrote that "it is Venice itself that gives the flavor and the emotional stimulation to this film," while Gavin Lambert in *Sight and Sound* praised the observed tourist detail but found the film "disturbingly lacking in genuine style"[15](https://torontofilmsociety.com/film-notes/summertime-1955/). On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 92% Tomatometer from 24 reviews and a 78% audience score from more than 2,500 ratings, with a critics consensus calling it "a swooning romance for the ages"[2](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summertime).
The [Venice Film Festival](https://www.edgepedia.org/venice-film-festival) paid the film an homage in 2003, a tribute both to Hepburn, who died that June, and to the city[7](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-26-et-gritten26-story.html). [The Criterion Collection](https://www.edgepedia.org/the-criterion-collection) released it on Blu-ray as Spine #22 with a new 4K digital restoration, a new interview with film historian Melanie Williams, a 1963 interview with Lean, and audio excerpts from a 1988 interview with cinematographer Jack Hildyard[1](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime).
## References
1. [Summertime, The Criterion Collection](https://www.criterion.com/films/368-summertime)
2. [Summertime, Rotten Tomatoes](https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summertime)
3. [Venice Review Daily, Day 10, 30 August 2023 (Screen Dollars)](https://api.screendollars.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TFV-Venice_0123_3.pdf)
4. [Summertime (1955), AFI Catalog](https://catalog.afi.com/Film/51675-SUMMERTIME)
5. [Summertime, Janus Films](https://www.janusfilms.com/films/1063)
6. [David Denby, "Summertime," The Criterion Collection, September 8, 1998](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/32-summertime)
7. ["Lean's Venice, in all its glory," Los Angeles Times, August 26, 2003](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-aug-26-et-gritten26-story.html)
8. ["Summertime (1955)," Frame Rated](https://www.framerated.co.uk/summertime-1955/)
9. ["Summertime," TCM article](https://www.tcm.com/articles/276746/summertime)
10. [Stephanie Zacharek, "Summertime: Souvenirs," The Criterion Collection, July 12, 2022](https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/7866-summertime-souvenirs)
11. ["Behind the Camera: Summertime," TCM](https://www.tcm.com/articles/467419/behind-the-camera-summertime)
12. [BFI Southbank programme notes, Summertime, July 24, 2023](https://bfidatadigipres.github.io/seniors/2023/07/24/summertime/)
13. [Wasik, University of Warwick thesis, 2016](https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/91982/1/WRAP_Theses_Wasik_2016.pdf)
14. ["Cold war consumer diplomacy and movie-induced Roman holidays," Journal of Tourism History, 2011](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1755182X.2011.575953?journalCode=rjth20)
15. [Summertime (1955) film notes, Toronto Film Society](https://torontofilmsociety.com/film-notes/summertime-1955/)
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*Topic: Encyclopedia › Arts and culture › Screen and stage › Film and television › Films and standalone screen works › Individual films by title and year › Comedy and romantic films (individual works) › Comedies of the 1950s*
*Initially written Oct 3, 2026 · Reviewed: Oct 3, 2026; Oct 25, 2026 · Edited: Oct 15, 2026; Oct 25, 2026; Nov 1, 2026 · Last review: Oct 25, 2026*
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