727 articles
1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, or Le Pain Maudit: mass food poisoning on 15 August 1951 in a southern French Rhône town, with about 230 people suffering hallucinations and convulsions from contaminated bread; cause debated between ergot, mercury, and CIA LSD theories.
1Fe-LSD
1Fe-LSD, also known as 1-ferrocenecarbonyl-LSD, is a synthetic lysergamide psychedelic and prodrug of LSD, and the first lysergamide designer drug to contain a transition metal atom.
1P-LSD
1P-LSD (1-propionyl-LSD) is an N1-acylated LSD prodrug sold as a research chemical on blotters; ~38% of LSD's potency in mice, reduced 5-HT receptor affinity, regulated in Finland and Brazil.
Abrothallus parmeliarum
Abrothallus parmeliarum, first named Lecidea parmeliarum by Sommerfelt in 1826, is a common lichenicolous fungus that parasitizes Parmelia lichens, forming small black convex apothecia that deform the host thallus.
Absidia
Absidia (Tiegh., 1878) is a genus of mesophilic mucoralean moulds in Cunninghamellaceae, soil fungi with pyriform apophysate sporangia and appendaged zygospores; thermotolerant former members now form Lichtheimia.
Acremonium
Acremonium (formerly Cephalosporium) is a genus of asexual ascomycete moulds in Hypocreales, Bionectriaceae, with awl-shaped phialides and slimy conidial heads; once polyphyletic, now narrowly circumscribed.
Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, discovered after the 1960 turkey X disease outbreak in England; aflatoxin B1 is an IARC group 1 human liver carcinogen contaminating grains, nuts, spices, and milk.
Agaricaceae
Agaricaceae (Chevallier 1826), type genus Agaricus, a family of gilled and puffball-like mushroom fungi in Agaricales suborder Agaricineae; about 60 genera including Agaricus, Lepiota, Chlorophyllum, and Leucoagaricus; includes the cultivated button mushroom.
Agaricales
Agaricales (order of Basidiomycota, class Agaricomycetes): the gilled-mushroom order, also containing puffballs, bird's nests, coral fungi, and truffles; 8 suborders, 46 families, over 40,000 species; six major clades from Matheny's six-gene analysis.
Agaricostilbomycetes
Agaricostilbomycetes is a class of basidiomycete fungi in the subphylum Pucciniomycotina, circumscribed in 2006 from rDNA analyses and defined by dimorphic members with a yeast or yeast-like phase.
Agaricus
Agaricus, a genus of gilled mushrooms in the family Agaricaceae, includes the button mushroom, the most cultivated mushroom in the world, alongside some toxic species.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus, also known as white button mushroom and portobello, is a widely cultivated basidiomycete. It began in Paris during Louis XIV's reign and was scientifically described in 1707.
Agaricus campestris
Agaricus campestris, the field or meadow mushroom, is an edible grassland Agaricaceae fungus described by Linnaeus in 1753, with pink gills darkening to chocolate brown, a blackish-brown spore print, and deadly Amanita lookalikes.
Agrocybe
Agrocybe (Fayod 1889) is a genus of Agaricales mushroom fungi, type species A. praecox, now in Agrocybaceae; ringed, large-spored species were split off to Cyclocybe in 2014.
ALD-52
ALD-52 (1-acetyl-LSD, 1A-LSD) is a lysergamide psychedelic synthesized at Sandoz in the 1950s, roughly equipotent with LSD in humans and acting mainly as a prodrug rapidly metabolized by deacylation to LSD; reemerged as a new psychoactive substance.
Allan Green (botanist)
Thomas George Allan Green is a British-born lichenologist and botanist, PhD and DSc from Oxford, based at Waikato, New Zealand, known for lichen ecophysiology, Antarctic Dry Valleys work, biocrusts, and the Acharius Medal.
Allomyces
Allomyces is a genus of aquatic saprobic fungi in the phylum Blastocladiomycota, established by E.J. Butler in 1911 and defined by a true alternation of generations between haploid and diploid phases.
Alternaria
Alternaria, a Pleosporaceae fungal genus (A. alternata, A. brassicae), comprises saprobic, endophytic, and plant-pathogenic species producing over 70 mycotoxins, causing crop leaf spots and blights, and contaminating food and indoor environments.
Alternaria alternata
Alternaria alternata (Torula alternata, A. tenuis) is an ascomycete fungus, NCBI taxon 5599, that is saprophytic, endophytic, allergenic, and pathogenic; seven host-selective-toxin pathotypes with toxin genes on conditionally dispensable chromosomes.
Alyxoria wainioi
Alyxoria wainioi, formerly Opegrapha wainioi Zahlbr. 1923, is a lichenized fungus in Alyxoria, Lecanographaceae, Arthoniales; its illegitimate synonym Opegrapha ochracea Vain. 1901 was typed on Cordia bark in Cape Verde.
Amanita
Amanita is a genus of about 500-plus described ectomycorrhizal agaric fungi, including the lethal death cap (Amanita phalloides, amatoxins) and the psychoactive fly agaric (A. muscaria), plus edible caesaras.
Amanita muscaria
Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric, is a toxic, psychoactive mushroom recognized by its red cap with white spots and found throughout temperate Northern Hemisphere forests.
Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides, the death cap, is a European amanita mushroom now spread worldwide whose amatoxins cause over 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings, with delayed gastrointestinal symptoms progressing to liver failure.
Amanita smithiana
Amanita smithiana (Smith's amanita), Bas 1969, is a white ectomycorrhizal Amanita of the Pacific Northwest that contains the nephrotoxin allenic norleucine, causing GI symptoms within 6 hours and delayed acute kidney injury; it is mistaken for matsutake.
Amanita virosa
Amanita virosa (ドクツルタケ), the European destroying angel, is a pure-white deadly Amanita containing 10–12 mg α-amanitin per mushroom (human LD50 ~0.1 mg/kg), causing delayed liver and kidney failure; distinct from A. phalloides and North American A. bisporigera.
Amanitaceae
Amanitaceae, a family of Agaricales fungi (E.-J. Gilbert, 1940) with five genera including Amanita, Limacella, and Saproamanita; ectomycorrhizal, ca. 700 species, source of amatoxins and ibotenic acid.
Amatoxin
Amatoxins, chiefly α-amanitin from Amanita phalloides (death cap), are bicyclic octapeptide mushroom toxins that inhibit RNA polymerase II, causing delayed liver failure; 90–95% of fatal mushroom poisonings.
Amatoxin poisoning
Amatoxin poisoning is the clinical syndrome caused by eating mushrooms containing amatoxins, found in Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota species, which cause delayed gastrointestinal illness, hepatic necrosis, and over 90% of mushroom-poisoning deaths worldwide.
Amphibian immunity to chytridiomycosis
Amphibian immunity to chytridiomycosis is the set of host defenses, including skin bacteria, antimicrobial peptides, and immune cells, that determines whether an amphibian survives infection by the fungi Bd and Bsal.
Anatomy of Ganoderma basidiocarps
Ganoderma basidiocarps are the tough, spore-producing fruiting bodies of Ganoderma polypore fungi, organized into a crust, context, tubes, and pores, and diagnosed microscopically by double-walled spores.