22,256 articles
Electoral Reform Society
Electoral Reform Society (ERS), formerly Proportional Representation Society, UK's oldest democratic-reform campaigner founded 1884 by Sir John Lubbock; advocates Single Transferable Vote, member-owned, offices London, Cardiff, Edinburgh.
Electoral system
Electoral system: the rules converting votes into seats, grouped by International IDEA into plurality/majority, proportional, and mixed families with 12 main systems including FPTP, List PR, and MMP.
Electoral system of Australia
Australia's federal electoral system: compulsory enrolment and voting, preferential (alternative) voting for 150 House of Representatives divisions, Senate proportional representation by STV with 76 senators, independent AEC administration, and 2025 funding reform with $5,000 disclosure threshold from 1 January 2027.
Electoral system of Germany
The electoral system of Germany elects the Bundestag by personalized proportional representation, with each voter casting two votes, one for a candidate and one for a party list.
Electoral system of India
Electoral system of India: universal adult suffrage with first-past-the-post in 543 single-member Lok Sabha constituencies, run by the Election Commission of India (est. 25 January 1950); Rajya Sabha uses single transferable vote; EVMs since 2004, VVPAT nationwide since 2019.
Electoral threshold
Electoral threshold: minimum vote share a party needs for legislative seats, mainly in proportional systems. Formal legal bars (typically 3-5%) versus effective thresholds from district magnitude; causes wasted votes and disproportionality, as in Turkey 2002.
Electorate of Hanover
Electorate of Hanover (Kurfürstentum Hannover), ninth electorate of the Holy Roman Empire created 1692 for Brunswick-Lüneburg; in personal union with Great Britain 1714–1837, kingdom 1814, annexed by Prussia 1866.
Electronic voting
Electronic voting (e-voting) covers poll-site voting machines and remote internet voting. Brazil and India use machines nationwide, Estonia alone offers internet voting to all citizens since 2005, and the US 2018 National Academies report recommends paper ballots.
Electronic voting in India
Electronic voting in India uses standalone, non-networked EVMs (control and balloting units) with VVPAT paper trails, first used in Kerala in 1982, VVPAT added in 2013 after Subramanian Swamy v. ECI, now M3 models made by BEL and ECIL.
Eleftherios Venizelos (Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος)
Eleftherios Venizelos (Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος) was a Greek statesman, born in Ottoman Crete, who served as Prime Minister of Greece and is regarded as modern Greece's most important statesman.
Elena Ceaușescu
Elena Ceaușescu (Elena Petrescu, 1916–1989), Romanian communist politician, wife of dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu; First Deputy Prime Minister and nominal chemist whose doctorate and papers were written by others; executed December 25, 1989.
Elena Kountoura
Elena Kountoura is a Greek politician and former tourism minister who has served as a Member of the European Parliament for SYRIZA since 2019, and as Vice-Chair of its Transport and Tourism Committee since 2024.
Elena Parent
Elena Parent is an American Democratic politician and attorney in the Georgia State Senate's 44th district since 2015, elected caucus chairwoman in 2020, who announced in 2026 she would not seek re-election.
Elena Pavlovna
Elena Pavlovna (Елена Павловна; 1784–1803) was a Russian grand duchess, the second daughter of Tsar Paul I, who in 1799 married Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
Eleni Kounalakis
Eleni Tsakopoulos Kounalakis (born 1966), Democratic politician and former real estate executive, is California's 50th lieutenant governor (2019–present), the first woman elected to the office, and served as U.S. ambassador to Hungary 2010–2013.
Éléonore Caroit
Éléonore Caroit is a French politician and lawyer, born in 1985 in Paris, who has served since 2025 as Minister Delegate for Francophonie and International Partnerships.
Eléonore Simonet
Eléonore Simonet is a Belgian politician of the Mouvement Réformateur who serves as federal Minister of Small Businesses, the Self-Employed, and SMEs, appointed unexpectedly in early 2025.
Elgie Sims
Elgie R. Sims Jr. is an American attorney and Democratic member of the Illinois Senate from the 17th district, covering Chicago's South Side and south suburbs.
Elgin Rogers
Elgin Rogers, Jr. is an American Democratic politician in the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 42nd district around Toledo since 2025 after first winning election in 2022.
Eli Crane
Eli Crane, born 1980, is an American politician and former Navy SEAL serving as the Republican U.S. Representative from Arizona's 2nd congressional district since 2023.
Eli San Fernando
Elijah "Eli" San Fernando is a Filipino labor leader and former TikTok creator, Kamanggagawa Party-list representative since June 30, 2025, known for the national minimum wage campaign, repeal of RA 6727, and clashes with DOLE Secretary Tolentino.
Eliana Pintor Marin
Eliana Pintor Marin is an American Democratic politician representing New Jersey's 29th district in the General Assembly, where she chairs the Budget Committee and previously served on the Newark Public Schools Advisory Board.
Elias Boudinot
Elias Boudinot (1740–1821) was an American lawyer and statesman from New Jersey who served as President of the Continental Congress 1782–1783 and directed the U.S. Mint from 1795 to 1805.
Elias Hrawi (إلياس الهراوي)
Elias Hrawi (إلياس الهراوي), 1926–2006, was a Lebanese politician who served as president from 1989 to 1998, elected after René Moawad's assassination; his term was extended three years in 1995.
Élie Ducommun
Élie Ducommun was a Swiss journalist and railway executive who, as first secretary-general of the International Peace Bureau in Bern, shared the 1902 Nobel Peace Prize with Albert Gobat.
Élie Lescot
Élie Lescot (Élie Léocadie Lescot) was a Haitian lawyer and politician who served as President of Haiti from 1941 until his forced resignation in 1946.
Elif Eralp
Elif Eralp, born 1981 in Munich, German lawyer and Die Linke politician, member of the Berlin Abgeordnetenhaus since 2021, faction chair, lead candidate who won the 2026 Berlin election with 25.7 percent.
Elihu Root
Elihu Root was an American lawyer and statesman who rebuilt the US Army as Secretary of War from 1899 to 1904 and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.
Elijah Cummings
Elijah Eugene Cummings (1951-2019), Democratic U.S. representative for Maryland's 7th district 1996-2019, Maryland delegate and first African American speaker pro tem, chaired House Oversight and Reform and led Trump-era investigations.
Elina Valtonen
Elina Valtonen, born 1981, in Helsinki, is a Finnish National Coalition Party politician and fourth-term member of parliament serving as Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2023.