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2D/3D perovskite heterostructure solar cells
A 2D/3D perovskite heterostructure solar cell combines a layered 2D perovskite phase, usually a thin capping layer, with a 3D perovskite absorber to passivate defects and protect against degradation.
2D/3D perovskite interface
A 2D/3D perovskite interface is the boundary between a thin 2D perovskite layer and a 3D absorber in perovskite solar cells, passivating defects and blocking moisture.
2D/3D perovskite passivation
2D/3D perovskite passivation is a solar cell interface-engineering strategy in which a thin 2D perovskite layer on a 3D absorber passivates defects, reaching 25.32% efficiency.
2D/3D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite passivation
2D/3D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite passivation is an interface-engineering strategy in which a thin 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite layer passivates the surface of a 3D perovskite solar-cell absorber.
2D/Si heterojunction solar cells
A 2D/Si heterojunction solar cell combines a two-dimensional material like MoS2 or graphene with crystalline silicon; reported MoS2/Si efficiencies reach 9.81%, with a modeled ceiling of 24.76%.
3-2-1 crack spread
The 3-2-1 crack spread is a benchmark of oil refinery profitability, comparing the revenue from 2 barrels of gasoline and 1 of distillate against 3 barrels of crude.
3D seismic survey
A 3D seismic survey is a geophysical survey that records seismic waves over an area, producing a 3D image of the subsurface; it is the dominant method in petroleum exploration.
3DOM Alliance
3DOM Alliance (株式会社スリーダムアライアンス) is a Japanese battery technology company headquartered in Yokohama and founded in 2014, known for the X-SEPA, a heat-resistant polyimide battery separator.
3R Petroleum
3R Petroleum was a Brazilian oil and gas company specializing in revitalizing mature fields, listed on B3 until its 2024 merger with Enauta created Brava Energia.
45Z clean fuel production tax credit
The 45Z clean fuel production tax credit is a US federal tax credit for domestically produced transportation fuel, created by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.
46-phi
46-phi (46φ), also written 46-series or 46XX, is a family of large cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells with a standardized 46 mm diameter, announced by Tesla in 2020.
4680 battery
The 4680 is a cylindrical lithium-ion battery cell, 46 mm by 80 mm, announced by Tesla in 2020 and used in the Cybertruck and Model Y.
4D seismic
4D seismic, or time-lapse seismic, is the repeated acquisition of 3D surveys over the same field to image changes in a reservoir, such as fluid movement and pressure.
4E analysis
4E analysis is a thermodynamic evaluation framework that assesses energy systems simultaneously on energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental criteria, producing component-level efficiencies, exergy destruction rates, and cost rates.
4S (nuclear reactor)
The 4S (Super-Safe, Small and Simple) is a small sodium-cooled fast reactor design developed by Japan's CRIEPI and Toshiba, best known for a proposed power plant for Galena, Alaska.
4th Generation District Heating
4th Generation District Heating (4GDH) is a district heating concept defined in 2014 by Henrik Lund, Sven Werner, and colleagues, operating at lower temperatures integrated with smart energy grids.
6 October power plant
The 6 October power plant (محطة كهرباء 6 أكتوبر) is a natural gas-fired power station of about 1,519 MW in Abu Rawash, 6th October City, Giza Governorate, Egypt.
6K Energy
6K Energy is the battery cathode materials division of American advanced materials company 6K Inc., producing cathode active material with its UniMelt microwave plasma system at a plant in Jackson, Tennessee.
765 kV
765 kV is a voltage level for extra-high-voltage AC power transmission, the highest used in North America since 1969 and a backbone voltage for bulk power transfer in India.
765 kV transmission line green corridor
The 765 kV transmission line green corridor is India's network of extra-high-voltage lines and substations built to carry bulk renewable power from Khavda, Gujarat, to demand centers nationwide.
8 Rivers
8 Rivers is an American clean energy and climate technology company founded in 2008, known for the Allam-Fetvedt Cycle, which generates electricity while capturing nearly all carbon dioxide emissions.
A123 Systems
A123 Systems is an American lithium-ion battery manufacturer founded in 2001 as an MIT spin-out; it went bankrupt in 2012, and China's Wanxiang Group bought its core assets.
A1B reactor
The A1B is a naval nuclear reactor plant for the Navy's Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers, the first new-design carrier propulsion plant in 40 years.
AA battery
The AA battery, also called an AA cell, is a standard dry cell size, 14.5 mm by 50.5 mm, used in remote controls, flashlights, and clocks.
AAA battery
The AAA battery, also called a triple-A battery, is a standard dry cell 10.5 mm by 44.5 mm, used in small devices like remotes and flashlights.
Aasta Hansteen Oil and Gas Field
Aasta Hansteen is a gas and condensate field in the Norwegian Sea, 300 kilometers west of Sandnessjøen, produced since 2018 through the world's largest spar platform.
Abadi LNG
Abadi LNG is a planned Indonesian liquefaction project in the Masela Block, Arafura Sea, operated by INPEX and designed to produce 9.5 million tonnes of LNG per year.
Abengoa
Abengoa was a Spanish engineering and renewable energy company founded in Seville in 1941, best known for concentrating solar power plants including Solana and PS10.
Aberfan
The Aberfan disaster was the 1966 collapse of a National Coal Board spoil tip onto the village of Aberfan near Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, killing 144 people, most of them children at Pantglas Junior School.
Abkatún oil field
Abkatún is a light-oil field in the Bay of Campeche off Campeche and Tabasco, Mexico, discovered and brought onstream in June 1980; it peaked at 510,000 barrels per day in 1984 and is operated by PEMEX.