All articles starting with B

Baclofen

Baclofen (Lioresal, FLEQSUVY, GABLOFEN) is a GABAB agonist muscle relaxant synthesized in 1962, FDA-approved in 1977 for spasticity from multiple sclerosis and spinal cord lesions, given orally or intrathecally, with boxed withdrawal warnings.

BACnet

BACnet, short for Building Automation and Control Network, is an open communication protocol for building automation published as ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135 in 1995 and as ISO 16484-5 since 2003.

Sep 19, 2026

Baco Exu do Blues

Baco Exu do Blues, stage name of Diogo Álvaro Ferreira Moncorvo, is a Brazilian rapper from Salvador, Bahia, who broke through nationally with the 2017 album Esú.

Bacolod

Bacolod (City of Bacolod), the highly urbanized capital of Negros Occidental, Philippines, home of the MassKara Festival; chartered 1938, PhP 146.09 billion economy in 2023, 873,573 tourists in 2025.

Bacon

Bacon (培根) is cured, usually smoked pork, defined in the US as the cured belly of a swine carcass. Covers curing methods, nitrite limits, Chinese and regional variants, nutrition, and WHO Group 1 carcinogen classification.

Bacon Brothers (gangsters)

The Bacon brothers, Jonathan, Jarrod, and Jamie, were Abbotsford, British Columbia gangsters linked by police to the Red Scorpions; Jonathan was killed in Kelowna in 2011, Jarrod imprisoned for a cocaine conspiracy, and Jamie convicted in the Surrey Six murders.

Bacon-Shor code

The Bacon-Shor code is a quantum error-correcting subsystem code introduced by David Bacon in 2006 that encodes one logical qubit into a two-dimensional square lattice of qubits.

Oct 15, 2026

Bacon's cipher

Bacon's cipher, also called the Baconian cipher, is a steganographic method devised by Francis Bacon, hiding each letter as five A's and B's within two subtly different typefaces.

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion (1676–1677), a Virginia uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon Jr. against Governor Sir William Berkeley, began as frontier Indian fighting, became a civil war, burned Jamestown, and ended with Bacon's death and 23 hangings.

Baconao Biosphere Reserve

Baconao Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de Biosfera Baconao), a UNESCO MAB site designated in 1987 on Cuba's south-eastern coast near Santiago de Cuba, covering 94,416 ha with Sierra de la Gran Piedra, caves, over 1,900 flowering plants and coastal-montane ecosystems.

Oct 15, 2026

Baconian method

The Baconian method is Francis Bacon's program of scientific inquiry from Novum Organum (1620): knowledge is built by methodically collecting observations into tables and eliminating explanations that fail to fit.

Bacoor

Bacoor (City of Bacoor), a component city in Cavite, Philippines, on Manila Bay; founded 1671, briefly the 1898 revolutionary capital, cityhood by RA 10160 in 2012, population about 664,000, flood-prone commuter city.

Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri, called brahmi or water hyssop, is a creeping wetland herb used in Ayurvedic medicine as a memory enhancer and studied as a nootropic.

Bacosides-enriched standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (BESEB, Memory Plus)

BESEB (CDRI-08, Memory Plus) is a bacosides-enriched standardized Bacopa monnieri extract developed by CSIR-CDRI Lucknow, licensed in 2002, standardized to 55% bacosides A and B, with modest memory-free-recall evidence.

Bács-Kiskun county

Bács-Kiskun (Bács-Kiskun vármegye), Hungary's largest county at 8,445 km² between the Danube and Tisza, seat Kecskemét; created 1950 from Bács-Bodrog and Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun, 485,336 residents, NUTS3 HU331.

Bacteraemia

Bacteraemia, or bacteremia, is the presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream, detected by positive blood culture (ICD-11 MA15.0). Distinct from sepsis; classified as transient, sustained, or persistent; commonly caused by E. coli and S. aureus.

Bacteria

Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms, one of three domains of life, lacking a nucleus, with 70S ribosomes and peptidoglycan walls; 4–6×10^30 cells on Earth, 136,646 GTDB species clusters, major agents of AMR disease and nutrient cycling.

Bacterial ABC exporters and efflux pumps

Bacterial ABC exporters are ATP-binding cassette transporters in the inner membrane that use ATP hydrolysis to export drugs, proteins, lipids, and peptides, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

Bacterial ABC importers

Bacterial ABC importers are the ATP-binding cassette transport systems that import nutrients, metals, peptides, and osmoprotectants into bacterial cells, powered by ATP hydrolysis rather than ion gradients.

Bacterial active matter

Bacterial active matter is the study of suspensions and colonies of motile bacteria, chiefly E. coli, as a model system of active matter that converts nutrient energy into mechanical motion.

Bacterial Adhesion

Bacterial adhesion is the process by which bacteria attach to other cells and surfaces, an important step in colonization and pathogenesis and the first step in biofilm formation.

Bacterial and archaeal respiratory chains

Bacterial and archaeal respiratory chains are branched membrane enzyme systems that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors like oxygen or nitrate, conserving energy as ATP.

Bacterial and rickettsial diseases of bivalves

Bacterial and rickettsial diseases of bivalves are infections of oysters, mussels, clams, and scallops caused mainly by Vibrio, Nocardia, and Roseovarius bacteria and rickettsiales-like organisms, with vibriosis the main bottleneck in hatchery production since 1959.

Bacterial capsule

Bacterial capsule: firmly attached polysaccharide or protein layer outside the cell wall of bacteria such as S. pneumoniae, E. coli, and B. anthracis; blocks phagocytosis and complement lysis, defines serotypes, and serves as vaccine antigen.

Bacterial carpet

A bacterial carpet is a flat layer of surface-bound bacteria whose freely rotating flagella pump and mix the surrounding fluid, first described by Howard C. Berg and colleagues in 2004.

Bacterial cell structure

Bacterial cell structure: the prokaryotic plan of cell envelope (membrane, peptidoglycan wall, capsule), cytoplasm with ribosomes and plasmids, nucleoid, flagella and pili; Gram-positive versus Gram-negative envelopes and archaeal differences.

Bacterial cell wall labeling

Bacterial cell wall labeling uses chemical probes, chiefly fluorescent and clickable D-amino acids, to visualize where bacteria build new peptidoglycan cell wall in living cells.

Bacterial conjugation

Bacterial conjugation: unidirectional contact-dependent DNA transfer from donor to recipient bacterium, mediated by a type IV secretion system, conjugative pilus, and relaxosome; discovered by Lederberg and Tatum in 1946 and the main route of antibiotic resistance gene spread.

Bacterial encephalitis

Bacterial encephalitis (ICD-11 1D00.0) is rare bacterial infection-caused inflammation of brain tissue, mainly Listeria monocytogenes and tuberculosis; in-hospital mortality 12.9%, treated with urgent antibiotics.