All articles starting with B
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Bacterial turbulence
Bacterial turbulence is the self-organized chaotic flow in dense suspensions of swimming bacteria, where morphing eddies and jets span scales tens to hundreds of times a cell's size.
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Bacterial typing techniques are laboratory procedures for distinguishing strains within a bacterial species, spanning phenotypic methods (serotyping, phage typing, biotyping) and genotypic methods (PFGE, MLST, WGS), used in outbreak investigation and surveillance.
Bacterial vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a vaginal dysbiosis replacing Lactobacillus with Gardnerella and anaerobic biofilm bacteria, is the most common cause of vaginal discharge; treated with metronidazole or clindamycin, it recurs in over 50% of women.
Bacterial virulence
Bacterial virulence: the relative capacity of a microorganism to damage a host. Also covers virulence factors, pathogenicity islands, trade-off evolution, and the Brucella VirB T4SS with VirJ as a worked example.
Bacterial virulence protein VirB8-like
VirB8-like proteins are conserved bitopic inner membrane assembly factors of bacterial type IV secretion systems, with an NTF2-like periplasmic domain, physiologically relevant dimerization, and a validated small-molecule drug target interface.
Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase
Bacterial/plant glycogen synthase (G(S)S): GT5-family α-1,4-glucan synthases, bacterial GlgA and plant starch synthases, EC 2.4.1.21, using ADP-glucose, unregulated by phosphorylation, unlike animal GT3 UDP-glucose enzymes.
Bactericera cockerelli
Bactericera cockerelli, the potato or tomato psyllid (Paratrioza cockerelli), is an American Triozidae psyllid pest of Solanaceae crops and vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, cause of zebra chip disease, now also in New Zealand and Australia.
Bacteriochlorophyll
Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) is a class of light-absorbing pigments used by anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, occurring in six known types whose absorption extends into the near infrared beyond plant chlorophylls.
Bacteriochlorophyll A protein
Bacteriochlorophyll A protein, the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) protein, fmoA, is a homotrimeric light-harvesting complex of green sulfur bacteria binding seven BChl a per subunit; the first chlorophyll protein solved atomically.
Bacteriocin, class IId
Class IId bacteriocins are heterogeneous, non-pediocin-like single linear peptide bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria, including lactococcin 972 (lipid II, septum inhibition), lactococcin A (Man-PTS receptor, pore formation), and enterocin B.
Bacteriocin, streptolysin S, precursor
SagA, the streptolysin S precursor, is a 53-aa bacteriocin protoxin encoded by sagA, first gene of the nine-gene sag operon of Streptococcus pyogenes; SagBCD installs thiazole/oxazole heterocycles to yield the ~2.7 kDa hemolytic toxin SLS.
Bacterioferritin
Bacterioferritin (Bfr) is the heme-containing bacterial iron storage protein of the ferritin family: a 24-subunit, ~450 kDa nanocage with up to 12 heme groups and a ferroxidase center, storing ~2,700 iron atoms and releasing them via its Bfd partner.
Bacteriological Techniques
Bacteriological techniques are the laboratory methods used to detect, grow, and identify bacteria, ranging from Gram staining and culture to PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
Bacteriological water analysis
Bacteriological water analysis, also called bacterial water analysis, is the laboratory testing of drinking and recreational water for fecal bacteria such as E. coli to judge safety.
Bacteriology
Bacteriology is the branch of science devoted to bacteria and one of the principal subfields of microbiology, examining bacterial growth, gene transfer, role in disease, taxonomy, and laboratory identification.
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage (phage): virus that infects bacteria, discovered by Twort (1915) and d'Hérelle (1917), with lytic and lysogenic cycles; basis of phage therapy for antibiotic-resistant infections and FDA-cleared food safety products.
Bacteriophage food antimicrobials (Listeria and Salmonella phage preparations)
Bacteriophage food antimicrobials are preparations of strictly lytic phages applied to foods to reduce pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella, several approved as safe in the United States.
Bacteriophage lysin
Bacteriophage lysin (endolysin, phage lytic enzyme): phage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases that lyse host bacteria at the end of the infection cycle; modular catalytic and cell wall binding domains; developed as enzybiotics against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
Bacteriophage MS2
Bacteriophage MS2 (Emesvirus zinderi) is a T=3 ssRNA coliphage of E. coli with a 3,569-nt genome encoding four proteins; its genome was the first ever sequenced (Fiers, 1976), and it is used in RT-PCR controls and water-quality monitoring.
Bacteriophage Mu
Bacteriophage Mu, also called Escherichia virus Mu, is a temperate phage of E. coli that replicates by transposition, inserting its DNA at random sites in the host chromosome.
Bacteriophage P100
Bacteriophage P100 (Listex P100, PhageGuard Listex) is a strictly lytic phage infecting Listeria monocytogenes; FDA GRAS (GRN 198, 218), EFSA-evaluated, used as a food biocontrol processing aid but not EU-authorized.
Bacteriophage Qbeta
Bacteriophage Qbeta (Qβ, Qubevirus durum), a Leviviridae/Fiersviridae (+)ssRNA coliphage of E. coli F-pili, 4.2 kb genome, four genes, four-subunit replicase, evolution model and VLP vaccine carrier.
Bacteriophage T7
Bacteriophage T7 (Escherichia phage T7, Enterobacteria phage T7) is a lytic dsDNA coliphage with a 39,936 bp genome, 50 close-packed genes, and an RNA polymerase that powers the pET expression system.
Bacterioplankton
Bacterioplankton are bacteria and archaea suspended in the water column of oceans, estuaries, and lakes, which recover dissolved organic matter and drive nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration.
Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin (bR), the first microbial rhodopsin, is a light-driven proton pump of Halobacterium salinarum's purple membrane; seven-helix retinal protein, discovered 1971, drives ATP synthesis and underpins optogenetics and biophotonic devices.
Bacteroidaceae
Bacteroidaceae, also written Bacteroidaceae Pribram 1933, is a family of gram-negative Bacteroidales bacteria of warm-blooded animal intestines; dominant in the healthy human gut (65.58% in one study) and home to the pathogen Bacteroides fragilis.
Bacteroides
Bacteroides: gram-negative anaerobic gut bacteria, ~25% of colonic anaerobes, defined by polysaccharide utilization loci; B. fragilis group causes most anaerobic human infections.
Bacteroides fragilis
Bacteroides fragilis, an obligate anaerobic Gram-negative gut commensal, is the most clinically important Bacteroides: leading anaerobe in intra-abdominal abscesses and bacteremia, with ETBF toxin strains, high beta-lactam resistance, and two genomospecies divisions.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe named by Distaso in 1912, is a major human gut symbiont (~6% of gut bacteria) with ~100 polysaccharide utilization loci, a model organism, opportunistic pathogen, and engineered live-therapeutic chassis.
Bacteroides xylanisolvens
Bacteroides xylanisolvens, a Gram-negative anaerobic human gut bacterium described in 2008, degrades xylan; strain DSM 23964 is EU-authorized (2015) and FDA GRAS-noticed for heat-treated fermented milk products.