All articles starting with B
27,400 articles
Bioactive glass
Bioactive glass is a surface-reactive, silicate-based glass that bonds chemically to living bone and soft tissue and can stimulate tissue regeneration; the original composition, Bioglass 45S5, was discovered by Larry Hench in 1969.
BioAge Labs
BioAge Labs is a clinical-stage biotechnology company in Richmond, California, developing therapies for metabolic diseases such as obesity by targeting the biology of human aging; it went public on Nasdaq in 2024.
Bioallethrin
Bioallethrin, also called S-bioallethrin or esbiol in enriched forms, is a first-generation synthetic pyrethroid insecticide synthesized in 1949 in the allethrin series, used in household mosquito and fly control products such as coils, mats, and aerosols.
Bioanalysis
Bioanalysis: quantitative measurement of drugs, metabolites, and analytes in biological samples using LC-MS and ligand binding assays; term coined in the 1970s; also a Taylor & Francis peer-reviewed journal (ISSN 1757-6180) founded 2009.
Bioanalytical method validation
Bioanalytical method validation is the process of proving that a method measuring drugs, metabolites, or biomarkers in biological matrices is accurate, precise, and reliable enough to support regulatory decisions.
Bioartificial Organs
Bioartificial organs combine biomaterials with living cells to replace failing organ function, spanning liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, and lung devices; platforms include encapsulation, decellularization, bioprinting, organoids, and xenotransplantation.
Bioaugmentation
Bioaugmentation: adding cultivated microorganisms or enzymes to contaminated soil, groundwater, or wastewater to supply degradative functions indigenous microbes lack; almost always paired with biostimulation, site-specific, with over 50 U.S. field-scale projects.
Bioautography
Bioautography is a chromatography-based detection method that combines chemical separation and biological detection: compounds separated on a paper or thin-layer plate show as inhibition zones against a test organism.
Bioavailability
Bioavailability: the fraction and rate of an administered drug dose reaching systemic circulation unaltered; IV dosing is 100% by definition, oral F is calculated as AUC ratio, limited by first-pass metabolism.
Biobadaderm study
BIOBADADERM (Spanish Registry of Systemic Treatments in Psoriasis, NCT02075697) is a prospective multicenter Spanish cohort launched October 2008 by the AEDV with AEMPS and FER, monitoring adverse events of biologic versus conventional systemic psoriasis therapy; 5,905 patients and 14,134 treatment cycles by November 2023.
BioBERT
BioBERT is a language representation model for biomedical text mining, introduced in 2019 by further pre-training Google's BERT on PubMed abstracts and PubMed Central full-text articles.
Biobío Region
Biobío Region (Región del Biobío), Chile's eighth region, capital Concepción; 23,890.2 km², 1,613,059 people (2024 census), three provinces, 33 comunas; Ñuble split off in 2018; forestry, fishing, and manufacturing economy.
BioBTX
BioBTX is a Dutch company based in Groningen that converts mixed plastic waste and biomass into sustainable BTX aromatics, building its first commercial plant at Delfzijl.
Biocatalysis
Biocatalysis, also called chemoenzymatic synthesis, is the use of enzymes, in isolated or whole-cell form, to catalyze chemical reactions with high selectivity under mild conditions.
Biocatalytic amine synthesis
Biocatalytic amine synthesis is the production of chiral amines using enzymes such as transaminases, amine dehydrogenases, and imine reductases, often in multi-enzyme cascades for pharmaceutical manufacture.
Biocatalytic amino acid synthesis
Biocatalytic amino acid synthesis is the production of canonical and noncanonical amino acids using enzymes like dehydrogenases, transaminases, and lyases, often engineered by directed evolution for industrial use.
Biocatalytic C–H functionalization
Biocatalytic C–H functionalization is the use of enzymes to convert carbon–hydrogen bonds into carbon–carbon, carbon–nitrogen, carbon–oxygen, carbon–sulfur, or carbon–halogen bonds, prized for selectivity that chemical catalysts rarely match.
Biocatalytic carbene transfer
Biocatalytic carbene transfer is a branch of enzyme catalysis in which engineered hemoproteins and metalloenzymes promote carbene transfer reactions absent from natural enzyme chemistry, starting with P450 cyclopropanation in 2013.
Biocatalytic cascade synthesis
Biocatalytic cascade synthesis is the execution of consecutive chemical reactions in one sequence, at least one enzyme-catalyzed, where each product feeds the next step without isolating intermediates.
Biocatalytic CO2 conversion
Biocatalytic CO2 conversion is the use of enzymes, enzyme cascades, or microorganisms to transform carbon dioxide into products like formate, methanol, acetic acid, and bioplastics, operating near ambient conditions.
Biocatalytic reduction
Biocatalytic reduction, also known as bioreduction, is the reduction of substrates like ketones, aldehydes, and imines using enzymes or whole cells instead of chemical reducing agents.
Biocatalytic reductive amination
Biocatalytic reductive amination is the enzyme-catalyzed conversion of carbonyl compounds and amines or ammonia into chiral amines using NADPH-dependent enzymes, widely used in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Biocatalytic retrosynthesis platforms
Biocatalytic retrosynthesis platforms are computer-aided synthesis planning tools that design routes to target molecules by working backward through enzyme-catalyzed steps, filling a gap chemical planners leave.
Biocement
Biocement is a construction material in which bacteria such as Sporosarcina pasteurii precipitate calcium carbonate that binds sand into solid masonry at ambient temperature, a low-CO2 alternative to conventional cement.
Biochar
Biochar is a stable, carbon-rich charcoal-like solid made by heating biomass with little or no oxygen, used as a soil amendment and for long-term carbon storage.
Biochemical genetics
Biochemical genetics: the study of how genes govern enzymes and metabolism, founded on Beadle and Tatum's 1941 Neurospora mutants and Garrod's inborn errors; also a Springer journal (ISSN 0006-2928) founded 1967.
Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), or biological oxygen demand, measures the dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms decomposing organic matter in water, typically over five days at 20 °C.
Biochemical pharmacology
Biochemical pharmacology studies how drugs and biologically active substances act at the biochemical and cellular level, identifying the molecular targets of their effects; the field emerged in the late 1940s.
Biochemical Society Early Career Award
The Biochemical Society Early Career Award, also called the Early Career Research Awards, honors molecular biosciences research by UK and international scientists early in their careers.
Biochemical variant galactosemia
Biochemical variant galactosemia, also called Duarte galactosemia, is a mild form of GALT deficiency, found in newborn screening, that causes no symptoms and needs no treatment or diet restriction.