All articles starting with B

Biochemist

A biochemist, also called a biological chemist, is a scientist who studies the chemical processes and substances of living organisms, such as proteins, DNA, and enzymes, to understand how they function and how diseases arise.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemicals and chemistry of living organisms, covering biomolecules like proteins, DNA, and lipids. Founded around Buchner's 1897 cell-free fermentation work; underpins medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Biochemistry (Stryer textbook)

Biochemistry (Stryer) is a classic biochemistry textbook first published by Lubert Stryer in 1975 (W. H. Freeman), now in its 10th edition by Berg, Gatto, Hines, Tymoczko, and Stryer, and one of the field's three standard texts alongside Lehninger and Voet & Voet.

Oct 20, 2026

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire

Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Biochimie et biologie cellulaire) is a Canadian bimonthly peer-reviewed journal of biochemistry and cell biology, ISSN 0829-8211/1208-6002, published by Canadian Science Publishing, official journal of the Canadian Biochemical Society and Canadian Society for Cell Biology, print ceased 2022.

Biochimie

Biochimie (ISSN 0300-9084) is a monthly Elsevier biochemistry and molecular biology journal, official journal of the French SFBBM since 1914 (as Bulletin de la Société de chimie biologique), renamed Biochimie in 1971; 2025 SJR Q1, JCR IF 3.0.

Biocide

Biocide: chemical substance killing or suppressing harmful organisms; in practice, antimicrobial pesticides (disinfectants, sterilants, sanitizers) with ~275 active ingredients, over 4,000 EPA-registered products, nonspecific multi-target action, and resistance concerns.

BioCog study

BioCog (Biomarker Development for Postoperative Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly) is an EU FP7 prospective cohort study at Charité Berlin and Utrecht identifying biomarkers for postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in older surgical patients; distinct from a digital cognitive test of the same name.

Biocompatibility

Biocompatibility: the ability of a medical device or material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. Evaluated under ISO 10993-1 and FDA guidance via risk assessment and cytotoxicity, irritation, sensitization, and other endpoint testing.

Biocon

Biocon: Indian biopharmaceutical company founded 1978 in Bengaluru by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw as an enzymes joint venture; now a global biosimilars leader (insulin, Hulio), acquired Viatris's biosimilars business for USD 3.335 billion, and merged Biocon Biologics into Biocon Limited in 2026.

Bioconductor

Bioconductor is an open-source software project providing R packages for analyzing high-throughput genomic data such as sequencing and microarrays, started by Robert Gentleman in 2001.

Sep 29, 2026

Bioconjugation

Bioconjugation is the chemical joining of molecules by a covalent bond in which at least one partner is a biomolecule, producing antibody–drug conjugates, fluorescent probes, and biotinylated proteins.

Biocrust

A biocrust, short for biological soil crust, is a community of cyanobacteria, lichens, mosses, and other organisms binding the top millimeters of soil, especially in drylands.

Biocytin

Biocytin, a conjugate of biotin and L-lysine, is produced when digestion releases protein-bound biotin, and since 1988 has served as a widely used neuronal tracer detected with avidin.

Biocytogen (百奥赛图)

Biocytogen (百奥赛图) is a Beijing biotechnology company founded in 2009 that pairs preclinical contract research on engineered mice with large-scale fully human antibody discovery, listed in Hong Kong since 2022.

Biodegradable hydraulic fluid

A biodegradable hydraulic fluid, also called an environmentally acceptable hydraulic fluid, is a pressure-transmission liquid formulated to break down harmlessly after leaks, used where spills reach soil or water.

Biodegradable ionizable lipids

Biodegradable ionizable lipids are lipid nanoparticle components whose protonatable head group switches charge with pH to deliver nucleic acids, then degrade via cleavable ester bonds. SM-102 and ALC-0315 serve in approved COVID-19 vaccines.

Biodegradable plastic

A biodegradable plastic is a plastic that microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi break down completely into water, carbon dioxide, biomass, and mineral salts within a defined time frame.

Biodegradable waste

Biodegradable waste: organic waste such as food, garden waste, paper and cardboard that microorganisms can decompose aerobically or anaerobically; typically 40-45% of municipal solid waste, treated by composting or anaerobic digestion, and a major landfill methane source.

Biodegradable zinc alloys for absorbable stents

Biodegradable zinc alloys are zinc-based materials, typically alloyed with magnesium, copper, lithium, or silver, for absorbable stents that hold an artery open while it heals and then dissolve.

Biodegradation

Biodegradation: microbial, enzymatic breakdown of chemicals in the environment; primary, acceptable, and ultimate endpoints; aerobic and anaerobic pathways; basis of bioremediation and OECD persistence testing.

Biodegradation of PET

Biodegradation of PET is the breakdown of polyethylene terephthalate, the plastic in bottles and textiles, by microorganisms or enzymes into terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.

Biodegradation of polyethylene

Biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) is the conversion of the polyethylene polymer chain by microorganisms or their enzymes into carbon dioxide, water, and microbial biomass, a process contested because PE's saturated carbon–carbon backbone must first be oxidized.

Biodegradation of polystyrene

Biodegradation of polystyrene is the breakdown of the plastic polystyrene by bacteria, fungi, and the gut microbes of mealworms and superworms, though complete degradation is rarely achieved naturally.

Biodentine

Biodentine is a calcium silicate-based dental cement introduced in 2009 by Septodont of France as a dentine replacement, setting in about 12 minutes compared with hours for MTA.

Biodesix, Inc.

Biodesix, Inc., founded in 2005 as Elston Technologies and renamed in 2006, is a Colorado medical diagnostics company making blood-based tests for lung cancer risk assessment and treatment guidance.

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable liquid fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease and used in diesel engines, usually blended with petroleum diesel.

Biodiesel dry washing

Biodiesel dry washing is a water-free purification step in which adsorbents or ion exchange resins remove soaps, glycerol, and other impurities from crude biodiesel, replacing traditional water washing.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity (biological diversity) is the variability of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels, defined by the CBD. Key facts: ~1 million species threatened with extinction (IPBES 2019), 73% monitored vertebrate population decline (LPI 2024), Kunming-Montreal GBF 30x30 targets.

Biodiversity conservation

Biodiversity conservation: maintaining species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity through protected areas, OECMs, restoration, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework's 23 targets, 30 by 30 goal, and $200 billion annual finance commitment.