All articles starting with B
27,400 articles
Biofuel
A biofuel, also called biomass fuel, is a fuel made from recently living biomass such as crops, crop residues, used cooking oil, and algae rather than fossil deposits.
Biofuel production
Biofuel production, the conversion of biomass into fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel; spans first- to fourth-generation feedstocks, with global demand of about 200 billion litres projected by 2028 and median life-cycle emissions of 40 g CO2 eq./MJ.
Biogas
Biogas: methane-and-CO2 gas from anaerobic digestion of organic matter (manure, landfill waste, sludge); also called marsh gas feedstock for renewable natural gas (biomethane). Key facts: 45-75% methane, 16-28 MJ/m3, used for heat, power, and pipeline gas.
Biogas desulfurization
Biogas desulfurization is the removal of hydrogen sulfide from biogas produced by anaerobic digestion, using in-situ dosing, biological filters, or chemical scrubbing to protect engines.
Biogas upgrading
Biogas upgrading is the engineering process of removing carbon dioxide, water vapor, and impurities from raw biogas to produce biomethane, typically requiring at least 95% methane for grid injection.
Biogen
Biogen Inc., formerly Biogen Idec, is an American biotechnology company headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1978, it built a leading multiple sclerosis franchise and develops therapies for neurological and rare diseases.
BioGeneration Ventures
BioGeneration Ventures is a Dutch venture capital firm based in Naarden, founded in 2006, that invests at seed and Series A in early-stage European biopharmaceutical companies.
Biogenesis of circular RNA by back-splicing
Biogenesis of circular RNA by back-splicing is the non-canonical splicing that joins a downstream 5′ donor to an upstream 3′ acceptor, closing RNA into a covalent circle.
Biogenic silica
Biogenic silica (BSi), also called biogenic opal, is the amorphous hydrated silica that diatoms, radiolarians, sponges, and plants build into skeletons and cell walls from dissolved silicic acid.
Biogeochemical Argo
Biogeochemical Argo, or BGC-Argo, is an international program launched in 2016 that extends the Argo float array with sensors for oxygen, nitrate, pH, and chlorophyll.
Biogeochemical cycle
A biogeochemical cycle, also called a mineral cycle or cycle of matter, is the pathway by which a chemical element moves through Earth's biotic and abiotic compartments, including the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles.
Biogeographic classification of India
Biogeographic classification of India: the Wildlife Institute of India's Rodgers and Panwar (1988) scheme dividing the country into 10 biogeographic zones and biotic provinces, used for protected-area and biosphere reserve planning.
Biogeographic realm
Biogeographic realm: the broadest division of Earth's land surface by shared terrestrial biota and evolutionary history, also called ecozone. Eight WWF realms nest 14 biomes and 867 ecoregions; Holt et al. (2013) proposed 11 realms from vertebrate phylogenies.
Biogeographic regions of Europe
Biogeographic regions of Europe: the nine EU terrestrial zones (Alpine, Atlantic, Black Sea, Boreal, Continental, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic) used under the Habitats Directive to select Natura 2000 sites of community importance, with marine regions added in 2022.
Biogeographical region
Biogeographical region (bioregion, realm): an area of Earth's surface defined by its characteristic fauna and flora. Key systems include Udvardy's 8 realms/193 provinces, WWF's 867 ecoregions, and the EU's nine terrestrial regions used for Natura 2000.
Biogeography
Biogeography studies where organisms live and why, spanning ecological and historical branches, dispersal versus vicariance, MacArthur-Wilson island theory, and modern genomic (GBS/RADseq) methods.
Biogeography of free-living flatworms
The biogeography of free-living flatworms combines strong regional endemism with severe under-sampling: about 6,500 valid species are known, freshwater richness may be an order of magnitude higher, and land planarians spread mainly by human transport.
Biogeography-based optimization
Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is a population-based evolutionary algorithm for global optimization, introduced by Dan Simon in 2008, which mimics species migration, speciation, and extinction between habitats.
Bioglass 45S5
Bioglass 45S5 is a silicate bioactive glass discovered in 1969 by Larry L. Hench, the first synthetic material shown to bond directly with living bone.
Biographia Literaria
Biographia Literaria is an 1817 autobiographical and critical work by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, mixing memoir with literary criticism and setting out his theory of imagination.
Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
Biographical Directory of Federal Judges: FJC database of all 4,077 Article III federal judges since 1789, with service records, nomination and confirmation dates, demographics, and nightly data exports.
Biographical evaluation (علم الرجال)
Biographical evaluation (علم الرجال, ilm al-rijal), also called al-jarh wa al-ta'dil, is the Islamic discipline of judging hadith transmitters for trustworthiness and integrity to distinguish authentic hadiths from weak ones.
Biographical film
Biographical film (biopic, from biographical picture): a film depicting aspects of a famous person's life. A hybrid of fiction and historical truth, spanning 1930s Hollywood prestige pictures to ironic independent and streaming-era works.
Biographical inscription of Djemi
The biographical inscription of Djemi is a First Intermediate Period stela in the Metropolitan Museum, recording an officer of Nubian mercenaries who claims to have enslaved northern Nubia.
Biographical inscription of Sabni
The biographical inscription of Sabni (Egyptian Sꜣbn(j)) is a hieroglyphic tomb-façade text at Qubbet el-Hawa, Aswan, recording the Dynasty 6 governor Sabni, son of Mekhu, under Pepi II.
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences: NAS book series since 1877 giving life histories and bibliographies of deceased members, written by colleagues; about 1,900 memoirs online, from Agassiz to recent members.
Biographical prose
Biographical prose is prose that recounts a person's life, deeds, and character as literature, between history and fiction, founded in China by Sima Qian's Shiji of the Han dynasty.
Biographies of Eminent Monks
Biographies of Eminent Monks (高僧傳) is a collection of Buddhist monks' biographies compiled by the Liang dynasty monk Huijiao, covering 257 monks to 519 and modeling later monastic biographies.
Biographies of Exemplary Women
Biographies of Exemplary Women (Lienü zhuan, 列女傳) is a collection of moralistic biographies of women compiled by the Han scholar Liu Xiang, the earliest Chinese book devoted to women's moral education.
Biographies of Immortals
Biographies of Immortals (神仙传) is a collection of lives of Daoist immortals compiled by the Eastern Jin writer Ge Hong as proof that immortality can be attained.