All articles starting with B
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Bioleum Corporation
Bioleum Corporation is a Nevada renewable fuels startup formed in May 2025 as a subsidiary of Comstock Inc., converting lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol and sustainable aviation fuel.
Biolinq
Biolinq Incorporated is a San Diego biotechnology company, founded in 2012, that makes Biolinq Shine, a needle-free glucose biosensor patch cleared by the FDA in 2025.
BioLite
BioLite is an American energy company based in New York, founded in 2006 by Jonathan Cedar and Alec Drummond, whose thermoelectric stoves convert fire heat into electricity for charging devices.
Biologging
Biologging is the use of miniaturized animal-attached tags to log data on an animal's movements, behavior, physiology, and environment, a field that grew from dive recorders on Weddell seals.
Biological activated carbon
Biological activated carbon (BAC) is a water treatment process combining adsorption onto granular activated carbon with biodegradation by microorganisms, first used practically in 1976 at Rhine River waterworks.
Biological activity
Biological activity (bioactivity): a substance's capability to provoke a response from living matter, beneficial or adverse, per IUPAC. Quantified as potency via bioassays, dose-response curves, and high-throughput screening, with assay interference a key caveat.
Biological agent
Biological agent: any microorganism, infectious substance, or bioengineered or synthesized component able to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants; also called biologic agents, covering CDC weapon-threat categories, biosafety levels, and deliberate-release detection.
Biological anthropology
Biological anthropology, historically called physical anthropology, is the branch of anthropology that studies human evolution, biological variation, and primates, and is one of the four subfields of anthropology in the American tradition.
Biological asset
A biological asset is a living animal or plant managed as part of agricultural activity, measured under IAS 41 at fair value less costs to sell.
Biological carbon fixation
Biological carbon fixation converts CO2 into organic carbon, mainly via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and Rubisco, which also causes photorespiration; C3, C4, and CAM strategies and seven natural pathways exist.
Biological chemistry
Biological chemistry (biochemistry, formerly physiological chemistry) studies chemical processes in living organisms; Felix Hoppe-Seyler founded the field's first journal in 1877, today published as Biological Chemistry.
Biological control of mosquitoes
Biological control of mosquitoes is the suppression of mosquito larvae and pupae using natural enemies such as larvivorous fish and predatory copepods, or bacterial larvicides like Bti.
Biological control of plant-feeding mites
Biological control of plant-feeding mites is the suppression of crop mites, chiefly spider mites, using natural enemies such as predatory Phytoseiidae mites instead of synthetic acaricides.
Biological control of scarab pests with scolioid wasps
Biological control of scarab pests with scolioid wasps uses Tiphia and Scolia wasps to parasitize white grubs, notably the USDA's 1920–1949 program against the Japanese beetle.
Biological cybernetics
Biological cybernetics (Biokybernetik) applies cybernetics, feedback and control theory, to organisms, and names the Springer journal Biological Cybernetics, founded 1961 as Kybernetik, renamed 1975, ISSN 0340-1200, a core computational neuroscience journal.
Biological dressings
Biological dressings are temporary wound coverings made from human or animal tissue, such as amniotic membrane or pig skin, that protect wounds and support healing.
Biological effect
Biological effect: a measurable response of an organism or its tissues to a stimulus or environmental change, also called bioeffect; distinct from an adverse health effect, which requires detectable health impairment, and judged for biological relevance in toxicology and risk assessment.
Biological engineering
Biological engineering is a discipline applying engineering principles of design, synthesis, and analysis to biological systems at the molecular and cellular level, with applications in energy, environment, and medicine.
Biological half-life
Biological half-life (t1/2, elimination half-life): time for plasma drug concentration to fall 50%; t1/2 = 0.693·Vd/CL; governs dosing frequency, steady state in 4–5 half-lives, and half-life extension of biologics.
Biological hazard
Biological hazard (biohazard): organic-origin hazards, pathogens, toxins, vectors, pests, affecting humans, animals, plants; foodborne illness sickens 866 million yearly; controlled via biosafety levels and risk assessment.
Biological immortality
Biological immortality: absence of senescence, not deathlessness. Key examples are Turritopsis dohrnii, Hydra, and planarians; verified by zero Gompertz slope, stable fertility, and long-term cohort studies.
Biological interaction
Biological interaction: relationships between organisms classified as amensalism, antagonism, commensalism, competition, or mutualism, studied through ecological networks, interaction matrices, null models, and indirect effects.
Biological life cycle
Biological life cycle: the sequence of stages from one generation to the next. Haploid-diploid phases, three types (diploid-dominant animals, haploid-dominant fungi, alternation of generations in plants), life history, phenology.
Biological membrane
Biological membrane: the lipid bilayer, about 5 nm thick, with embedded proteins described by the 1972 Singer-Nicolson fluid mosaic model; updated to include domains, rafts, and asymmetry.
Biological methanation
Biological methanation, or biomethanation, is the microbial conversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane by methanogenic archaea, used to store surplus renewable electricity and upgrade biogas.
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring, also called biomonitoring, is the measurement of toxins, pollutants, or their effects in the bodies of living organisms, typically by analyzing blood, urine, and saliva, complementing environmental monitoring.
Biological network inference
Biological network inference is the reconstruction of a biological system's interaction structure, usually a gene regulatory network, from high-throughput data using methods like Bayesian networks and deep learning.
Biological neuron model
A biological neuron model, or spiking neuron model, is a mathematical description of how a nerve cell converts input current into electrical activity, ranging from detailed Hodgkin–Huxley equations to simple integrate-and-fire models.
Biological organisation
Biological organization, also known as the hierarchy of life, is the nested hierarchy of living matter, running from atoms and molecules through cells and organs to populations, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
Biological oxidations
Biological oxidations: enzyme-catalyzed oxidation reactions (Reactome pathway R-HSA-211859) that biotransform lipophilic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds into water-soluble, excretable metabolites via Phase 1 functionalization and Phase 2 conjugation, mainly in the liver.