All articles starting with D
24,034 articles
Diagnostic pathology
Diagnostic Pathology is a peer-reviewed open access journal covering surgical and clinical pathology, immunology, and biology, launched in 2006 by BioMed Central in the United Kingdom.
Diagnostic Pneumomediastinum
Diagnostic pneumomediastinum, or pneumomediastinography, is deliberate injection of air or gas into the mediastinum to outline its organs radiographically. Pioneered by Condorelli in 1936, it evaluated mediastinal and thymic tumors and cancer operability before CT displaced it.
Diagnostic Reagent Kits
Diagnostic reagent kits: commercially prepared reagent sets (MeSH D011933) containing all components and literature to perform designated in vitro diagnostic tests, from 1880s dry urine tests and 1960s pregnancy and RAST kits to regulated, validated clinical chemistry, immunoassay, and molecular products.
Diagnostic Self Evaluation
Diagnostic Self Evaluation (MeSH D059026; Subjective Health) is a person's appraisal of their own health status, operationalized by the single-item self-rated health question, which independently predicts mortality and varies across cultures and question wordings.
Diagnostic Services
Diagnostic services: organized health services providing diagnosis (MeSH D003954, 1968), spanning laboratory, imaging, screening, and point-of-care testing; influence about 70% of healthcare decisions yet receive 3–5% of budgets.
Diagnostic systems on major fusion devices
The diagnostic systems on major fusion devices cover how ITER, JET, and Wendelstein 7-X measure plasma, from ITER's roughly 50 systems across 26 ports to JET's interferometer.
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures (MeSH D019937, E01.370) is the NLM heading for methods, procedures, and tests used to diagnose disease, spanning history taking, physical examination, laboratory techniques, and imaging.
Diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis
Diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) meta-analysis is a systematic review method that pools studies of a diagnostic test's sensitivity and specificity, handling the threshold trade-off between them.
Diagnostic trial
A diagnostic trial is a clinical study that measures how well a diagnostic test distinguishes patients with a target condition, comparing its results against a reference standard.
Diagon Alley
Diagon Alley is the fictional wizarding shopping street behind the Leaky Cauldron in London in Harry Potter, home to Gringotts bank and Ollivanders, entered by tapping a brick; recreated at Universal Studios Florida (opened July 8, 2014) and as a Leavesden film set.
Diagonal
A diagonal is a line segment joining two non-adjacent vertices of a polygon or polyhedron; a polygon with n vertices has n(n−3)/2 diagonals, and a triangle has none.
Diagonal lemma
The diagonal lemma, also called the diagonalization or fixed-point lemma, is a mathematical logic theorem giving each arithmetic formula a sentence describing itself, key to Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
Diagonal matrix
A diagonal matrix is a square matrix in which every entry off the main diagonal is zero, so arithmetic, powers, determinants, and inverses reduce to operations on the diagonal entries.
Diagonalizable matrix
A diagonalizable matrix, or nondefective matrix, is a square matrix similar to a diagonal matrix, meaning it has n linearly independent eigenvectors and acts as simple scaling in the eigenbasis.
Diagonalization (linear algebra)
Diagonalization is a linear algebra method rewriting a square matrix A as A = PDP⁻¹, with D diagonal of eigenvalues and P's columns eigenvectors, making powers and functions of A easy to compute.
Diagonals (2002)
Diagonals (2002) is Walter Joris's two-player pencil-and-paper abstract game on a 5x10 board: drop stones along diagonal lines of sight or turn enemy stones into walls; most stones wins.
Diagonals (ludii 1803)
Diagonals (ludii 1803) is a two-player abstract placement game on an 8x8 board: players drop stones, and completing a full diagonal scores its friendly stones; most points when the board fills wins.
Diagram
Diagram: a simplified drawing representing a machine, system, process, or idea to explain how it works, from Greek diágramma. Covers types (flowchart, Venn, tree), diagram versus chart selection, and the diagram's role in art theory and art history.
Diahann Carroll
Diahann Carroll (1935–2019), American actress and singer, star of NBC's Julia (1968–71), the first TV series led by an African-American woman in a non-domestic role; Tony winner for No Strings, Oscar nominee for Claudine, and Dynasty's Dominique Deveraux.
Dial H for Hero
Dial H for Hero is a DC Comics concept, the H-Dial rotary phone that turns its user into a random superhero for one hour. Created by Dave Wood and Jim Mooney in House of Mystery #156 (1966); dialers include Robby Reed, Chris King, Vicki Grant, Hero Cruz, and Miguel Montez.
Dial M for Murder
Dial M for Murder (1954) is Alfred Hitchcock's thriller adapted by Frederick Knott from his stage play, starring Ray Milland, Grace Kelly, and Robert Cummings; shot in 3-D, released mostly flat, grossing $6.1 million.
Dial-up Internet access
Dial-up Internet access is a way of connecting to the Internet over the telephone network with a modem, dominant from the early 1990s to the early 2000s.
Dialect
Dialect: a variety of a language differing in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, tied to region or social group; covers the language-versus-dialect problem, dialectology history, assessment bias, and speech technology.
Dialect continuum
Dialect continuum: a chain of adjacent dialects in which neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible while the end varieties are not, seen in West Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Arabic speech; standards and borders cut the chain.
Dialect levelling
Dialect levelling, or supralocalisation: erosion of local dialect features through contact, mobility, and accommodation, producing homogenized regional speech, koines, and reallocation, as documented in Tyneside, Corby, the Fens, and South East England.
Dialect levelling in Britain
Dialect levelling in Britain: reduction of differences between regional English varieties through geographical diffusion and accommodation, driven by socio-geographical mobility, producing larger city-oriented dialect regions.
Dialectic (διαλεκτική)
Dialectic (διαλεκτική, dialektike): the Greek art of philosophical dialogue by question and answer, from Socrates and Plato through Aristotle, the Stoics, and Hegel's three-moment method of determinate negation, later adapted by Marx.
Dialectica interpretation
The Dialectica interpretation, also called Gödel's functional interpretation or D-interpretation, is a proof interpretation reducing Heyting arithmetic to Gödel's quantifier-free System T, published by Kurt Gödel in 1958.
Dialectical behavior therapy
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a cognitive-behavioral therapy developed by Marsha Linehan in the 1980s, treats chronically suicidal people with borderline personality disorder through individual therapy, skills training, phone coaching, and consultation teams.
Dialectical materialism
Dialectical materialism (diamat): the Marxist philosophy combining materialism with a dialectical view of reality as process and contradiction; term coined after Engels by Plekhanov or Dietzgen, codified by Engels, official Soviet philosophy under Stalin.