All articles starting with D

DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing, also known as base sequence analysis, determines the exact order of the four bases that make up DNA, revealing genes, regulatory instructions, and disease-causing changes.

DNA shuffling

DNA shuffling is an in vitro recombination method that randomly fragments homologous genes and reassembles them by primerless PCR, producing chimeric genes for directed evolution.

DNA strand displacement circuits

DNA strand displacement circuits are enzyme-free molecular computing systems in which input DNA strands displace output strands, cascading into logic gates, integrated circuits, and neural networks.

DNA supercoiling is the coiled state of double-stranded DNA whose ends are topologically constrained, where the helix is overwound or underwound, affecting transcription, replication, and chromosome segregation.

DNA tetrahedron

A DNA tetrahedron, or tetrahedral DNA nanostructure, is a pyramid-shaped nanostructure self-assembled from four DNA strands, first reported in 2004 and widely used in biosensing and drug delivery.

DNA tile self-assembly

DNA tile self-assembly is a structural DNA nanotechnology method in which short synthetic DNA strands hybridize into tile motifs that cohere via sticky ends into nanoscale lattices, tubes, and crystals.

DNA topoisomerase I (human TOP1)

Human DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1, chromosome 20) is a type IB enzyme that nicks and rejoins one DNA strand via Tyr723 to relax supercoils; it is the target of camptothecin drugs irinotecan and topotecan and of ADC payloads like DXd.

DNA Topoisomerase II

DNA topoisomerase II (Top2, EC 5.99.1.3) is an ATP-dependent enzyme that passes one DNA duplex through a transient double-strand break in another, untangling and unlinking DNA. Type IIA and IIB families; eukaryotic isoforms Top2α and Top2β; target of etoposide and doxorubicin.

Oct 20, 2026

DNA topoisomerase III

DNA topoisomerase III (Topo III, TOP3A/TOP3B, E. coli topB) is a type IA topoisomerase that decatenates DNA and RNA, removes precatenanes at the replication fork with Topo IV, and partners with RecQ/BLM helicases; no inhibitors are known.

DNA transfection

DNA transfection is a laboratory method that introduces foreign DNA into cultured cells, typically with chemical reagents or electric pulses, to express proteins or study gene function.

DNA vaccination

DNA vaccination delivers plasmid DNA encoding an antigen into a recipient's cells, so the host produces the antigen and develops antibody and T-cell immunity against infectious disease or cancer.

DNA virus

DNA virus: a virus with a DNA genome (single or double stranded, linear or circular), including poxviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and phages; low mutation rates, nuclear or phage-nucleus replication, and wide use as gene therapy and oncolytic vectors.

DNA virus genome strategies

DNA virus genome strategies are the design choices viruses make for their DNA genomes, from single- or double-stranded and circular or linear forms to genome size.

DNA walker

A DNA walker is an artificial molecular machine made of DNA that steps along a pre-designed track of binding sites, first demonstrated autonomously in 2004 by Yin.

DNA-assembled chiral plasmonic oligomers

DNA-assembled chiral plasmonic oligomers are nanoscale clusters of gold or silver nanoparticles arranged by a DNA template into a chiral geometry, giving strong circular dichroism in the visible range.

DNA-based molecular tension sensors

DNA-based molecular tension sensors are nucleic acid probes that convert the mechanical unfolding or rupture of a DNA element into fluorescence, reporting piconewton receptor forces.

DNA-binding domain

DNA-binding domain (DBD): protein domain recognizing specific DNA sequences, used by transcription factors. Key families: helix-turn-helix/homeodomain, Cys2His2 zinc finger (3% of human genes), winged helix; ~60 amino acids average.

DNA-binding protein Fis, N-terminal domain

Fis N-terminal domain: the residues 11-26 beta-hairpin arm of Fis (factor for inversion stimulation), a 98-aa homodimeric E. coli nucleoid protein; the arm stimulates Hin and Gin DNA inversion, while the C-terminal helix-turn-helix binds DNA.

DNA-binding protein, curved-DNA

Curved-DNA-binding proteins, chiefly E. coli CbpA and CbpB (Rob), are nucleoid-associated proteins preferring intrinsically curved AT-rich DNA; CbpA is also a DnaJ co-chaperone induced in stationary phase.

DNA-crosslinked hydrogel

A DNA-crosslinked hydrogel, commonly called a DNA hydrogel, is a 3D polymer network in which DNA strands act as the framework or cross-links, making stiffness and response programmable through sequence design.

DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC1

RPC1 (POLR3A, O14802), largest subunit of human RNA polymerase III; forms the catalytic core with RPC2; mutations cause POLR3-related leukodystrophy, Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome, and VZV susceptibility.

DNA-encoded chemical library

A DNA-encoded chemical library, often shortened to DEL, is a collection of small molecules each coupled to a DNA barcode, screened in mixture against drug targets.

DNA-guided nanoparticle assembly

DNA-guided nanoparticle assembly is a nanotechnology method in which DNA strands attached to nanoparticles act as programmable bonds that direct particles into ordered crystals with nanoscale precision.

DNA-mediated colloidal assembly

DNA-mediated colloidal assembly is a self-assembly strategy in which colloidal particles grafted with single-stranded DNA form sequence-specific, thermoreversible bonds, organizing into prescribed crystals, gels, and finite structures.

DNA-mediated colloidal crystallization

DNA-guided colloidal crystallization is a self-assembly strategy in which particles coated with synthetic DNA act as programmable atoms, crystallizing into lattices with independently controlled symmetry, spacing, and composition.

Oct 15, 2026

DNA-modified electrode

A DNA-modified electrode is an electrochemical electrode whose surface carries immobilized DNA probes, so hybridization with a matching target sequence produces a measurable electrical signal for diagnostics.

DNA-origami-based chiral plasmonics

DNA-origami-based chiral plasmonics is a nanofabrication approach using DNA origami scaffolds to arrange gold nanoparticles into chiral helices, first demonstrated in 2012 and applied to biosensing.

DNA-PAINT

DNA-PAINT (DNA-based point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography) is a super-resolution microscopy method, introduced in 2010, that reaches sub-5-nanometer resolution by transiently binding fluorescent DNA imager strands to targets.

DNA-programmable assembly of nanocrystal superlattices

DNA-programmable assembly of nanocrystal superlattices is a nanofabrication method in which DNA-coated nanoparticles self-assemble, through complementary base pairing, into crystals with designed symmetry and spacing.