All articles starting with D
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Drug nomenclature
Drug nomenclature: the WHO International Nonproprietary Name (INN) system, begun in 1953, assigns unique generic names with class stems to pharmaceutical substances, alongside national names like USAN and BAN and distinct brand names.
Drug overdose
Drug overdose: toxic or lethal excess dosing of opioids, stimulants, sedatives, or acetaminophen; ~125,000 opioid overdose deaths globally (2019), ~105,000 US deaths (2023); naloxone reverses opioid overdose.
Drug paraphernalia
Drug paraphernalia: equipment primarily intended for making or using controlled substances, defined by 21 U.S.C. §863 and state laws patterned on the DEA's Model Act; covers pipes, syringes, and test strips, with harm-reduction exemptions expanding since 2010.
Drug policy of Nazi Germany
Drug policy of Nazi Germany: narcotics law continuing Weimar-era Opium Act rules, methamphetamine Pervitin (Temmler, 1937) mass-issued to the Wehrmacht, restricted in 1941, plus anti-smoking campaigns and the Blitzed controversy.
Drug policy of Portugal
Portuguese drug policy: Law 30/2000, in force July 1, 2001, decriminalized personal drug possession and use (up to a ten-day supply) as misdemeanors handled by dissuasion commissions, with trafficking still criminal and harm-reduction services nationwide.
Drug policy of the Netherlands
Dutch drug policy: Opium Act (1919, revised 1976) separating soft and hard drugs, toleration of coffee shop cannabis sales, harm reduction, and the Controlled Cannabis Supply Chain Experiment.
Drug Pulse Therapy
Drug pulse therapy (pulse drug therapy, MeSH D020551) is intermittent administration of very high drug doses, typically intravenous methylprednisolone, over short periods, used since 1976 for lupus nephritis, transplant rejection, and dermatologic autoimmune disease.
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
DRESS syndrome (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms), also called DiHS, is a severe delayed T-cell drug hypersensitivity reaction with rash, fever, eosinophilia, and organ involvement 2–8 weeks after drug exposure; mortality about 10%.
Drug recognition expert
A drug recognition expert, also called a drug recognition evaluator, is a police officer trained to recognize drivers impaired by drugs other than or in addition to alcohol.
Drug rehabilitation
Drug rehabilitation (rehab) is medical and psychosocial treatment for substance use disorder, spanning detoxification, outpatient, and residential care. Standard of care combines medications (methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone) with behavioral therapies; only 11 percent of people with opioid use disorder receive medication.
Drug research
Drug Research (ISSN 2194-9379) is a Thieme peer-reviewed pharmacology journal in Stuttgart, published since 2013 as the continuation of Arzneimittel-Forschung (1951-2012), covering translational medicine and drug development.
Drug resistance in protozoa
Drug resistance in protozoa is the capacity of parasitic single-celled eukaryotes to survive antiprotozoal drugs, causing treatment failure in leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, and giardiasis, with few drugs available.
Drug sensitivity testing
Drug sensitivity testing is the laboratory exposure of living cells, tissues, or microorganisms to drugs followed by measurement of viability or growth, underpinning functional precision medicine in oncology.
Drug Substitution
Drug substitution is the practice of replacing a prescribed drug with another expected to produce an equivalent effect, either a generic equivalent or a chemically different therapeutic alternative.
Drug Tapering
Drug tapering, also called gradual dose reduction, is the supervised stepwise lowering of a medication dose to stop or reduce drugs such as opioids, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants while limiting withdrawal symptoms and relapse.
Drug test
Drug test: analysis of urine, saliva, blood, hair, or other samples to detect illegal drugs or misused medicines. Two-step immunoassay screen plus GC-MS/LC-MS/MS confirmation; US federal testing governed by HHS/SAMHSA Mandatory Guidelines.
Drug tolerance
Drug tolerance: diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure, requiring higher doses; distinct from tachyphylaxis, dependence, and sensitization (reverse tolerance), with pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and learned mechanisms.
Drug utilization review
Drug utilization review is an ongoing program that evaluates prescribing, dispensing, and patient use of medications against criteria to ensure drugs are used safely and effectively.
Drug utilization study
A drug utilization study examines the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drugs in a society, emphasizing their medical, social, and economic consequences to inform pharmaceutical policy.
Drug War (毒战)
Drug War (毒战) is a 2012 Johnnie To crime thriller, his first film set entirely on mainland China, starring Sun Honglei and Louis Koo in a cat-and-mouse anti-narcotics story; released April 2013, it earned 148 million yuan and four Golden Horse nominations.
Drug withdrawal
Drug withdrawal: symptom cluster on stopping or reducing a substance after dependence. Covers mechanisms, timelines for alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, nicotine; CIWA-Ar, COWS scales; tapering guidance.
Drug-eluting stent
Drug-eluting stent (DES): coronary stent coated with sirolimus, paclitaxel, everolimus, or similar drugs released to prevent restenosis after angioplasty; first implanted 1999, reduces repeat revascularization versus bare-metal stents but requires dual antiplatelet therapy.
Drug-induced alopecia
Drug-induced alopecia (ICD-11 EH72.0) is medication-caused, usually reversible, non-scarring hair loss via anagen effluvium (days to weeks, chemotherapy) or telogen effluvium (2–4 months, anticoagulants, retinoids, psychotropics); scalp cooling prevents chemotherapy-induced loss.
Drug-induced anaphylaxis
Drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA, ICD-11 4A84.1) is a severe, potentially fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction to drugs such as NSAIDs, antibiotics, and anesthetics, involving IgE-mediated, IgG/complement, or direct MRGPRX2 mast cell mechanisms, diagnosed clinically with tryptase testing and treated with epinephrine.
Drug-induced and toxic bradycardia
Drug-induced and toxic bradycardia is a slow heart rate caused by drugs such as beta-blockers and digoxin, or by conditions like hypothyroidism and hypothermia, and is often reversible.
Drug-induced angioedema
Drug-induced angioedema (ICD-11 EH61.1): non-allergic swelling caused by drugs, chiefly ACE inhibitors via bradykinin accumulation; nonpruritic, without urticaria, unresponsive to antihistamines, treated by drug withdrawal and off-label bradykinin-targeted agents.
Drug-induced aplastic anaemia
Drug-induced aplastic anemia is rare, life-threatening bone marrow failure caused by a drug, suppressing production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; chloramphenicol is the classic cause.
Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA, drug-induced AIHA) is a rare hemolytic anemia, about 1–2 per million, caused by drug-dependent or drug-independent antibodies; cefotetan and ceftriaxone now lead, replacing methyldopa and penicillin.
Drug-induced bronchospasm
Drug-induced bronchospasm (medicament-induced bronchospasm), ICD-11 4A80.0, is airway narrowing triggered by drugs such as NSAIDs, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and contrast media; 2% of Swiss ADR reports, 55% serious.
Drug-induced chorea
Drug-induced chorea (ICD-10 G25.4; ICD-11 8A01.16) is involuntary, rapid, irregular choreiform movement caused by prescribed or illicit drugs, including levodopa, neuroleptics, antiepileptics, stimulants, and oral contraceptives; it usually resolves on stopping the drug, except tardive dyskinesia.