All articles starting with E

Electroshock weapon

An electroshock weapon, also called an electroshock gun or conducted energy device, is a less-lethal weapon that incapacitates by electric current, as in the Taser.

Electroslag remelting (ESR), also called electro-flux remelting, is a secondary refining process that melts a consumable electrode through molten slag into a water-cooled mold, producing cleaner ingots.

Electrospinning

Electrospinning, also called the electrospinning method, is a fiber fabrication technique that uses an electric field to draw a charged polymer solution or melt into fibers from micrometers down to nanometers.

Electrospray deposition

Electrospray deposition (ESD) is a soft, solvent-based fabrication method that uses electric fields to atomize liquid into fine charged droplets, depositing thin uniform films for solar cells, fuel cells, and implants.

Electrospray ionization

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a soft ionization technique that turns dissolved molecules into intact gas-phase ions for mass spectrometry, developed by John B. Fenn at Yale.

Electrospray thruster

An electrospray thruster is a spacecraft propulsion device that uses an electric field to accelerate charged droplets from a liquid propellant, producing micronewton thrust for small satellites.

Electrospraying

Electrospraying, also called electrospray, is a technique in which a strong electric field breaks a liquid at a capillary tip into fine charged droplets, down to submicron sizes.

Electrostatic adhesion clutches

Electrostatic adhesion clutches, also called electroadhesive or EA clutches, are lightweight solid-state couplings that transmit shear force through voltage-controlled electrostatic friction, switching on millisecond timescales.

Electrostatic adhesion pad

An electrostatic adhesion pad, also called an electroadhesive pad, is a compliant sheet of electrodes in an insulating dielectric that sticks to surfaces when a voltage is applied.

Electrostatic analyzer

An electrostatic analyzer is a charged-particle instrument that separates electrons or ions by kinetic energy using a static electric field, used in electron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and spacecraft plasma instruments.

Electrostatic discharge

Electrostatic discharge (ESD), also called static discharge, is the sudden flow of electricity between objects at different electrical potentials, ranging from doorknob sparks to lightning.

Electrostatic force microscopy

Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is a scanning probe technique that maps a surface's electric potential, charge distribution, and dielectric response using a biased conductive tip.

Electrostatic generator

An electrostatic generator is a device that produces high electric voltage by accumulating static charge; examples include the Van de Graaff, Wimshurst, and Cockcroft–Walton generators.

Electrostatic induction

Electrostatic induction is the redistribution of electric charge within a conductor or dielectric caused by a nearby external charge, without any contact, demonstrated by Faraday's 1843 ice pail experiment.

Electrostatic potential surface

An electrostatic potential surface is a three-dimensional visualization mapping a molecule's electrostatic potential (MEP or ESP) in color onto its outer boundary, used to locate reactive sites and predict binding.

Electrostatic precipitation

Electrostatic precipitation is an air pollution control method that removes dust and smoke from gas streams by charging particles and collecting them on oppositely charged electrodes.

Electrostatic precipitator

An electrostatic precipitator, also known as an electrostatic air cleaner, is a device that removes particulate matter from industrial gas streams with electrical charge, achieving over 99 percent collection efficiency.

Electrostatic separation

Electrostatic separation is the sorting of solid particles from a granular mixture by electric forces on charged or polarized particles, used in mineral sands and recycling.

Electrostatic septum

An electrostatic septum is a particle accelerator device that separates circulating beams from injected or extracted beams with an electric field across a very thin electrode.

Electrostatic spray deposition

Electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) is a thin-film coating technique that uses a high electric field to atomize a precursor solution into charged droplets that form a film on a substrate.

Electrostatic spraying

Electrostatic spraying is a technique in which an electric field charges atomized liquid droplets so electrostatic attraction drives them onto a grounded target, used for paints, agricultural pesticides, and disinfectants.

Electrostatics

Electrostatics, also called classical electrostatics, is the branch of electromagnetism describing electric charges at rest and their fields and forces; it underlies capacitance, dielectrics, electrostatic shielding, xerography, and precipitators.

Electrostimulation

Electrostimulation is the clinical use of electrical currents on nerves or muscles to relieve pain, produce muscle contraction, restore lost function, or test nerve and muscle excitability.

Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery is the use of high-frequency alternating electric current to cut, coagulate, or destroy tissue during surgical and endoscopic procedures, used across general surgery, endoscopy, and dermatology.

Electrosynthesis

Electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds, especially organic molecules, by electrochemical reactions in which electrons supplied at electrodes replace conventional chemical oxidants and reductants.

Oct 22, 2026

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide

Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide produces H₂O₂ by electrochemical reactions, chiefly the two-electron oxygen reduction at a cathode, pursued as an on-site alternative to the centralized anthraquinone process.

Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy, also called electrical medicine or electrotherapeutics, is the therapeutic use of electrical current, from ancient electric-fish treatment and 19th-century galvanic and faradic devices to modern TENS, ECT, and deep brain stimulation.

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, also called graphite furnace AAS, atomizes a microliter sample in an electrically heated graphite tube, with detection limits 20 to 200 times lower than flame AAS.

Electrothermal micromirror

An electrothermal micromirror is a MEMS scanning mirror whose plate is tilted by heat-generating bimorph actuators, giving large scan angles and low voltage but slow response.