All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry
Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), also called TV holography, is a non-contact optical metrology technique that measures surface displacement and deformation from laser speckle, developed from 1971 onward.
Electronic speed control
An electronic speed control (ESC) is a circuit that regulates the speed of an electric motor, most commonly in radio-controlled aircraft, cars, boats, and drones.
Electronic stability control
Electronic stability control (ESC), also called the Electronic Stability Program, is a vehicle safety system that brakes individual wheels to stop skids. It debuted in the 1995 Mercedes-Benz S 600.
Electronic symbol
An electronic symbol, also called a circuit or schematic symbol, is a standardized pictogram representing components such as resistors, batteries, and transistors in circuit diagrams, defined by the international IEC 60617 standard.
Electronic System for Travel Authorization
The Electronic System for Travel Authorization, or ESTA, is an automated U.S. system that screens Visa Waiver Program travelers before they board a carrier to the United States.
Electronic tagging
Electronic tagging (electronic monitoring, EM): ankle-worn devices used by courts, prisons, and parole authorities to enforce curfews, exclusion zones, and alcohol bans. First criminal justice order 1983; about 500,000 people monitored in 2022; cheaper than prison, costlier than probation.
Electronic throttle control
Electronic throttle control, also called throttle-by-wire, is an automotive technology in which an engine control unit positions the throttle with an electric motor instead of a cable.
Electronic ticket
An electronic ticket, or e-ticket, is an airline ticket stored in the airline's database rather than printed on paper, with only an itinerary receipt as evidence.
Electronic toll collection
Electronic toll collection (ETC) is a system that charges road tolls automatically, identifying vehicles electronically so drivers need not stop and pay cash at toll booths.
Electronic transition moment
The electronic transition moment is the matrix element of the electric dipole moment operator between two electronic states, determining whether a transition is allowed and how intense its absorption or emission line is.
Electronic trigger
An electronic trigger is a firearm firing control in which an electrical signal, rather than a mechanical linkage, releases or initiates the shot, first widespread in Olympic free pistols.
Electronic voice phenomenon
Electronic voice phenomenon (EVP), basis of instrumental transcommunication (ITC): voices on recordings interpreted as messages from the dead; begun by Jürgenson in 1959, popularized by Raudive's 1971 Breakthrough; explained as auditory pareidolia.
Electronic voting
Electronic voting (e-voting) covers poll-site voting machines and remote internet voting. Brazil and India use machines nationwide, Estonia alone offers internet voting to all citizens since 2005, and the US 2018 National Academies report recommends paper ballots.
Electronic voting in India
Electronic voting in India uses standalone, non-networked EVMs (control and balloting units) with VVPAT paper trails, first used in Kerala in 1982, VVPAT added in 2013 after Subramanian Swamy v. ECI, now M3 models made by BEL and ECIL.
Electronic waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is discarded electrical or electronic equipment and one of the world's fastest growing waste streams, reaching 62 billion kg in 2022.
Electronic–vibrational resonance in photosynthetic energy transfer
Electronic–vibrational resonance (vibronic resonance) in photosynthetic energy transfer is the near matching of an exciton energy gap to a pigment vibration, producing mixed electronic–vibrational quantum states.
Electronica
Electronica is a catch-all term for electronic music built on synthesizers, samplers, and drum machines, spanning club dance styles and headphone listening. Coined around the 1993 New Electronica compilations, broadened by the US industry, later partly replaced by EDM.
Electronically activated recorder
The electronically activated recorder (EAR) is a psychology research method developed by Matthias Mehl and James Pennebaker in which participants wear a recorder that periodically samples ambient sound.
Electronics
Electronics is the branch of physics and engineering that controls electron flow through components like vacuum tubes, transistors, and integrated circuits to amplify, switch, and process signals.
Electronics City
Electronics City is an industrial and information technology township on the Bengaluru–Hosur highway in Bengaluru, India, established in 1978 by KEONICS, with Infosys, Wipro, and more than 350 establishments.
Electronics manufacturing services
Electronics manufacturing services, often called contract manufacturing, is an industry in which companies design, manufacture, test, and repair electronics on behalf of original equipment manufacturers.
Electrons on helium
Electrons on helium are electrons trapped a few nanometers above liquid helium by their image charge, forming a clean two-dimensional electron gas studied since the 1970s and proposed in 1999 as a quantum computing platform.
Electronvolt
The electronvolt (eV), or megaelectronvolt scale unit, is a non-SI energy unit equal to exactly 1.602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ joule, standard in atomic, nuclear, and particle physics.
Electronystagmography
Electronystagmography (ENG, electrooculography) is an electrode-based test recording eye movements via the corneo-retinal potential to evaluate vestibular and oculomotor nerves in dizziness; largely replaced by videonystagmography but still used when eyes-closed recording is needed.
Electrooculography
Electrooculography (EOG) is a non-invasive recording technique that tracks eye movements and tests retinal pigment epithelium function by measuring the eye's corneoretinal standing potential with skin electrodes.
Electroorganic synthesis
Electroorganic synthesis is the use of electron transfer at electrodes to drive organic reactions, replacing stoichiometric chemical oxidants and reductants with electrical current, often under mild conditions.
Electroosmotic flow
Electroosmotic flow (EOF) is the motion of an electrolyte solution past a charged solid surface under an applied electric field, a standard pumping method in microfluidics.
Electroperú
Electroperú (Empresa de Electricidad del Perú S.A.) is a Peruvian state-owned electricity company founded in 1972, whose Mantaro complex supplies about 13 percent of Peru's energy.
Electrophile
An electrophile, from "electron-loving," is a reagent that accepts both bonding electrons from its reaction partner, the nucleophile. Electrophiles are Lewis acids and organize most of polar organic chemistry.
Electrophilic addition
Electrophilic addition is an organic reaction in which an electrophile adds across the double or triple bond of an unsaturated molecule, the characteristic reaction class of alkenes.