All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Environment, health and safety
Environment, health and safety (EHS, also HSE) is the corporate discipline combining environmental management, occupational safety and health, and regulatory compliance, anchored by OSHA and EPA in the US and ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 worldwide.
Environmental and toxicological effects of nitro compounds
Environmental and toxicological effects of nitro compounds: military explosives such as TNT, RDX, and HMX persist in soil and water, and microbial reduction of nitro groups produces metabolites that damage hemoglobin and DNA.
Environmental assessment
Environmental assessment (EA): systematic evaluation of environmental effects of projects, plans and policies before decisions. Key forms EIA and SEA; originated in US NEPA 1969; now near-universal in national law.
Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland
The Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland is a 2011 United Nations report assessing oil contamination in Ogoniland, Nigeria's Niger Delta, and recommending a clean-up lasting up to 25 years.
Environmental audit
An environmental audit is a systematic, independent evaluation of an organization's environmental practices, verifying legal compliance and assessing risks, a practice that emerged in the 1970s.
Environmental barrier coating
An environmental barrier coating (EBC) is a protective ceramic layer, typically rare-earth silicates over a silicon bond coat, applied to silicon carbide composites in gas turbine engines to stop water vapor recession.
Environmental chamber
An environmental chamber, also known as a climate chamber or environmental test chamber, is an enclosure that reproduces conditions like temperature, humidity, and vibration to test products.
Environmental Defense Fund
The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) is an American environmental nonprofit founded in 1967 on Long Island, known for the 1990 Clean Air Act's cap-and-trade acid rain program.
Environmental degradation
Environmental degradation, also called environmental damage or ecological degradation, is the deterioration of the natural environment through resource depletion, ecosystem destruction, and pollution, reducing the capacity of land, water, and air to sustain life.
Environmental determinism
Environmental determinism: doctrine that climate, terrain, and resources determine human culture and societal development; advanced by Ratzel, Semple, and Huntington, discredited by the 1960s, replaced by possibilism and probabilism, and persisting weakly in climate-migration research.
Environmental DNA detection
Environmental DNA detection is a molecular ecology method that identifies species from DNA shed into water, soil, or sediment, used to detect rare, endangered, and invasive species.
Environmental drivers of chytridiomycosis
Environmental drivers of chytridiomycosis are the temperature, moisture, and habitat conditions that control the amphibian chytrid fungus Bd, which thrives at 17–25°C and persists in water and moist soil for months.
Environmental economics
Environmental economics is the branch of applied economics that studies how economic activity damages the environment, treating pollution as an externality that well-designed prices, permits, or regulation can correct.
Environmental education
Environmental education teaches knowledge, values, attitudes, and skills for understanding and solving environmental problems, formalized by the 1977 Tbilisi Declaration; meta-analyses show gains in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, now advanced by UNESCO's Greening Education Partnership.
Environmental effects of aviation
The environmental effects of aviation are the impacts of aircraft on climate, air quality, and noise; aviation contributes about 4 percent of human-caused climate forcing.
Environmental effects of mining
The environmental effects of mining are the changes mineral extraction imposes on land, water, air, and ecosystems, including acid drainage that can persist for decades after closure.
Environmental engineering
Environmental engineering, also called environmental health engineering, is the branch of engineering that applies scientific and engineering principles to protect human health and improve environmental quality.
Environmental ethics
Environmental ethics, a philosophy subfield emerging in the early 1970s, studies moral relations between humans and the nonhuman environment, debating anthropocentrism, biocentrism, ecocentrism, Leopold's land ethic, Naess's deep ecology, and climate ethics.
Environmental Exposure
Environmental exposure: contact with harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment (MeSH D004781), via inhalation, ingestion, or dermal routes; studied through exposure assessment, pathways, and the exposome in environmental epidemiology.
Environmental factor
Environmental factor: any external abiotic or biotic condition (FAO, EPA) influencing organisms' development and survival. Key ideas: limiting factors (Liebig), tolerance ranges (Shelford), Hutchinsonian niche, factor interactions, and niche modelling.
Environmental flow
An environmental flow is the quantity, timing, and quality of water flow and level needed to sustain aquatic ecosystems, a field of assessment with some 207 methodologies recorded worldwide by 2003.
Environmental footprint
Environmental footprint: a quantitative indicator of environmental pressure from a person, product, or organization. Includes the Ecological Footprint (Wackernagel and Rees), carbon and water footprints, LCA-based calculation, and EU PEF/OEF methods.
Environmental hazard
An environmental hazard, also called an environmental health hazard, is a natural or human-made condition that can harm health, ecosystems, or property, with air pollution the deadliest.
Environmental health
Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with physical, chemical, and biological factors outside the body that affect health, such as air pollution and unsafe water.
Environmental health perspectives
Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly open-access journal of environmental health research founded by NIEHS in 1972, transferred to the American Chemical Society after a 2025 suspension.
Environmental impact and sustainability of aquaculture
The environmental impact of aquaculture is dominated by feed production, which drives over 80% of global warming impacts in salmon farming, while organic waste drives eutrophication.
Environmental impact assessment
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the formal process of evaluating a project's environmental effects before approval, rooted in NEPA (1970) and the EU EIA and SEA Directives, and studied through procedural, substantive, transactive, and normative effectiveness dimensions.
Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of agriculture: farming's effects on water, climate, land and biodiversity. Largest water user; ~30% of anthropogenic GHG; dominant ammonia source; OECD and footprint evidence.
Environmental impact of AI
The environmental impact of AI is its effect on energy use, emissions, water, and electronic waste, mainly from data centers, balanced against AI's potential to cut emissions.
Environmental impact of concrete
The environmental impact of concrete comes chiefly from Portland cement, made by heating limestone and clay, which releases CO2 equal to roughly 8% of global emissions.