All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Epidemic typhus
Epidemic typhus (louse-borne typhus), caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and spread by body lice, is a febrile disease treatable with doxycycline; Brill-Zinsser disease is its relapse form, distinct from murine and scrub typhus.
Epidemiological method
Epidemiological method: the systematic population-level approach of defining cases, counting and describing them by time, place, and person, calculating rates, and comparing groups; also called the epidemiologic approach, rooted in John Snow's 1854 cholera work.
Epidemiologists
Epidemiologists, or disease detectives, are public health professionals who investigate disease patterns, causes, and outbreaks in populations; typically MPH-trained, defined by the CDC/CSTE Applied Epidemiology Competencies, updated in 2023.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology, often called the basic science of public health, studies how diseases and their causes are distributed across populations; John Snow's 1854 cholera investigation is its founding model.
Epidemiology and history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
The epidemiology and history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia covers a cancer peaking at ages 1 to 4, transformed since 1948 from fatal to largely curable in children.
Epidemiology and risk factors of Hodgkin lymphoma
The epidemiology of Hodgkin lymphoma, a rare lymphatic cancer, features peaks in young adulthood and late life, with EBV, HIV, and family history as risk factors.
Epidemiology of endometriosis
The epidemiology of endometriosis describes how frequently the disease occurs, in whom, and which factors raise risk, with prevalence estimates contested between 1 and 10 percent.
Epidemiology of hemoglobinopathies
The epidemiology of hemoglobinopathies studies inherited hemoglobin disorders like sickle-cell disease and thalassemia, which about 5% of people carry and which malaria selection concentrated in the tropics.
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS: global distribution, incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV infection and AIDS. 41.0 million people living with HIV in 2025, 1.2 million new infections, 570,000 deaths, concentrated in the WHO African Region and key populations.
Epidemiology of microsporidiosis
Epidemiology of microsporidiosis: distribution and burden of human microsporidia infections (Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp.), transmitted by water, fecal-oral, and zoonotic routes; 12% pooled prevalence in HIV/AIDS, 2–70% pre-ART, declining with antiretroviral therapy.
Epidemiology of orofacial clefts
The epidemiology of orofacial clefts studies how often cleft lip and cleft palate occur, roughly 1 in 700 live births, with rates varying by region and ancestry.
Epidemiology of schistosomiasis
The epidemiology of schistosomiasis covers the distribution of a parasitic disease endemic in 79 countries, with about nine in ten cases in Africa and the heaviest burden in Nigeria.
Epidemiology of stroke
The epidemiology of stroke is the study of how stroke is distributed across populations; in 2021 it caused 11.9 million new strokes and 7.3 million deaths.
Epidemiology of syphilis
Epidemiology of syphilis: distribution and trends of Treponema pallidum infection. WHO estimates 8 million adult cases in 2022; resurgence since 2000 among MSM, with congenital syphilis rising sharply in the US and Europe.
Epidendrum
Epidendrum (star orchids), Neotropical orchid genus named by Linnaeus in 1763; ~1900 described species (est. 2400), lip adnate to column, sister to Cattleya; reed-stem and pseudobulbous habits.
Epidendrum radicans
Epidendrum radicans (crucifix orchid, fire star orchid, ground-rooting epidendrum) is an orange-flowered terrestrial orchid native from Mexico to Colombia, distinguished from E. ibaguense by adventitious roots along its climbing stems; nectarless, butterfly-pollinated, widely cultivated.
Epidendrum secundum
Epidendrum secundum (thicket star orchid, lopsided star orchid) is a variable neotropical orchid from the Lesser Antilles to northern South America, center of the taxonomically debated E. secundum complex, pollinated by butterflies and parent of crucifix orchid hybrids.
Epidermal cell (cell of epidermis)
An epidermal cell is an epithelial cell of the skin's outermost layer, derived from the ectoderm; keratinocytes make up about 90% of the human epidermis.
Epidermal growth factor
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), once called urogastrone, is a 53-amino-acid polypeptide that stimulates cell growth by binding the EGFR receptor, earning Stanley Cohen a 1986 Nobel Prize.
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1/HER1) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase of the ERBB/HER family; activating mutations (exon 19 deletion, L858R) drive NSCLC, and EGFR is targeted by antibodies and TKIs such as osimertinib.
Epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing protein
EGF-like domain-containing proteins carry compact ~40-residue extracellular modules with six cysteines forming three disulfides, often calcium-binding, found in clotting factors, fibrillin, Notch, and the ten-member EGFL family.
Epidermal melanocyte
Epidermal melanocyte: neural crest-derived dendritic cell in the basal epidermis (also called epidermal melanin unit cell) that makes melanin in melanosomes and transfers it, via melanocores or globules, to 30-40 keratinocytes for UV photoprotection.
Epidermal naevus
Epidermal naevus (epidermal nevus): benign overgrowth of the epidermis present at birth or early childhood, following Blaschko lines, caused by mosaic FGFR3, PIK3CA, or RAS mutations, sometimes syndromic.
Epidermal nevus syndrome
Epidermal nevus syndrome (ENS, Orphanet ORPHA:35125) is a group of rare mosaic disorders combining epidermal nevi with extracutaneous abnormalities of the brain, eyes, skeleton, and other systems, caused by postzygotic RAS-pathway mutations.
Epidermis
Epidermis: the outermost layer of skin, a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with four or five strata, about 90% keratinocytes, thickness from 31 µm to 596.6 µm by body site, renewed every 28 to 50 days.
Epidermis (botany)
Epidermis (botany): the outermost dermal cell layer of the primary plant body, secreting a cuticle on aerial organs and bearing stomata, trichomes, and root hairs; distinct from animal epidermis and from periderm.
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV, Lewandowsky-Lutz disease) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis causing beta-HPV susceptibility, flat warts, and 30-60% skin cancer risk, linked to TMC6/EVER1 or TMC8/EVER2 mutations.
Epidermoid cyst
Epidermoid cyst (epidermal inclusion cyst, follicular infundibular cyst), a benign keratin-filled skin cyst from the hair follicle infundibulum; not a sebaceous cyst; firm 1–3 cm nodule with central punctum, treated by complete excision.
Epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of rare inherited skin disorders in which minor friction causes blisters, because structural proteins anchoring the skin layers are missing or defective.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease caused by IgG autoantibodies against type VII collagen, distinct from inherited epidermolysis bullosa, with mechanobullous and inflammatory forms and an association with Crohn's disease.