All articles starting with E
17,681 articles
Economic history of Turkey
The economic history of Turkey traces the republic's economy since its 1923 founding, through étatist industrialization, import substitution, post-1980 liberalization, repeated crises, and the 2001 turning point.
Economic history of Uganda under Idi Amin
The economic history of Uganda under Idi Amin covers the 1971 to 1979 military regime, whose 1972 economic war expelled some 50,000 Asians and destroyed the commercial base.
Economic history of Ukraine
The economic history of Ukraine traces its economy from grain exporter in the Russian Empire through Soviet industrialization, post-1991 transition collapse, and the war economy since 2022.
Economic history of Vietnam
The economic history of Vietnam covers its move from colonial export production through partition, war, and central planning to fast growth after the 1986 Đổi Mới reforms.
Economic impact analysis
Economic impact analysis (EIA) estimates the change in jobs, income, and output in a designated area from a project, event, or policy, compared with a counterfactual base case.
Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war
The economic impact of the 2026 Iran war covers the conflict's effects on oil, shipping, inflation, and growth, including the largest geopolitical oil supply disruption in history.
Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was the deepest and most synchronized global recession since World War II, with global GDP falling 3.0 percent in 2020.
Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India
The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, also called the COVID-19 recession in India, saw GDP fall 7.3 percent in 2020-21 after a record 23.9 percent quarterly collapse.
Economic indicator
An economic indicator, also called a business indicator, is a statistic that tracks economic conditions, classified as leading, coincident, or lagging relative to the business cycle.
Economic inequality
Economic inequality, also called socioeconomic inequality, is the extent to which income, wealth, or consumption is unevenly distributed among a population, measured with the Gini coefficient and top income shares.
Economic integration
Economic integration is the process by which national economies remove barriers and merge trade and economic policies, moving through stages from free-trade area to complete economic union.
Economic liberalisation in India
Economic liberalisation in India, also called economic reform in India, is the 1991 policy shift toward markets launched by P. V. Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh.
Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism: doctrine of personal liberty, private property, free trade, and limited government, emerging with Adam Smith against mercantilism; later variants include social liberalism, neoliberalism (Hayek, Friedman), and German ordoliberalism.
Economic liberalization
Economic liberalization, also known as market liberalization, is the replacement of administrative controls on economic activity with price signals, as in the Washington Consensus reforms of privatization, deregulation, and trade liberalization.
Economic model
An economic model is a simplified description of reality, designed to yield testable hypotheses about economic behavior; its design is necessarily subjective because measures like GDP and employment involve methodological choices and uncertainty.
Economic nationalism
Economic nationalism is the set of policies favoring domestic economic interests over foreign ones, driven by nationalist ideology; its tools include tariffs, subsidies, and immigration restrictions.
Economic New Order Movement
The Economic New Order Movement (経済新体制運動) was a Japanese wartime program of 1940 and 1941, planned by reform bureaucrats under Konoe, that reorganized industry under state guidance through economic associations.
Economic order quantity
The economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order size that minimizes combined inventory holding and ordering costs, first presented by Ford W. Harris in 1913.
Economic Partnership Agreements
Economic Partnership Agreements are reciprocal, asymmetric free trade agreements between the European Union and African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries, negotiated from 2002 to replace unilateral EU trade preferences.
Economic planning
Economic planning is the direction of an economy by a national plan, used by most countries by the late 1960s and centered on Gosplan in the Soviet Union.
Economic Planning Board
The Economic Planning Board (경제기획원, EPB) was South Korea's super-ministry for economic development from 1961 to 1994, which designed the Five-Year Plans and was merged into the Ministry of Finance and Economy.
Economic policy
Economic policy is the set of fiscal, monetary, structural, and regulatory instruments governments use to promote sustainable economic performance, resilience, productivity, and well-being, spanning four families of tools.
Economic Policy Institute
Economic Policy Institute (EPI), founded 1986 in Washington, D.C. by Jeff Faux, Lester Thurow, Barry Bluestone, Robert Reich, Robert Kuttner, and Ray Marshall; a progressive 501(c)(3) labor-aligned think tank publishing the State of Working America. Distinct from the Employment Policies Institute (epionline.org).
Economic policy of the Popular Unity government
The economic policy of the Popular Unity government was Salvador Allende's program of nationalization, agrarian reform, and income redistribution in Chile from 1970 to 1973.
Economic policy of the second Trump administration
The economic policy of the second Trump administration, begun in January 2025, features broad import tariffs, extended 2017 tax cuts through the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, and spending cuts.
Economic problem
The economic problem, also called the basic economic problem, is the mismatch between unlimited human wants and scarce resources, forcing choices about what, how, and for whom to produce.
Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR (Экономические проблемы социализма в СССР) is Joseph Stalin's last theoretical work, published in 1952, defending commodity production under socialism.
Economic production quantity model
The economic production quantity (EPQ) model, also called the economic manufacturing quantity model, computes the production lot size that minimizes combined setup and inventory holding costs.
Economic reforms of Javier Milei
The economic reforms of Javier Milei are the stabilization and deregulation program Argentina's president launched in December 2023, combining sharp fiscal cuts with a peso devaluation.
Economic rent
Economic rent is the payment to a factor of production, such as land or labor, in excess of the minimum needed to keep it in its present use.