All articles starting with E
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Economic sanctions
Economic sanctions: punitive trade, financial, and targeted measures imposed by states, the EU, or the UN to change a target's behavior; success rates estimated at roughly 4–40%.
Economic sociology
Economic sociology studies economic activity in relation to social life (family, law, politics, culture), rejecting political economy as a separate science; it flowered 1890–1920 with Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber, was marginalized, and was reborn in the 1980s around Granovetter's embeddedness and networks.
Economic stagnation
Economic stagnation is a protracted period of weak growth; in its secular form, even zero interest rates fail to generate enough demand for full employment.
Economic Status
Economic status, also called socioeconomic status (SES), is a person's or household's economic position measured by income, wealth, assets, education, and occupation; central to health inequality and stratification research.
Economic Stimulus Act of 2008
The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 was a US federal law signed by President Bush on February 13, 2008, providing $168 billion in tax rebates and business incentives.
Economic surplus
Economic surplus, also called Marshallian surplus, is the sum of consumer and producer surplus, the money measure of gains from trade, maximized where demand and supply intersect.
Economic system
An economic system is the arrangement a society uses to decide what to produce, how to produce it, and who receives the output, defined by property rights and coordination.
Economically Weaker Section
The Economically Weaker Section (EWS), or EWS reservation, is an Indian category reserving 10 percent of educational seats and government posts for people outside caste quotas.
Economics
Economics, also called economic science, is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth, divided into microeconomics, which studies individual markets and prices, and macroeconomics, which studies inflation, GDP, and unemployment.
Economics and regulation of carbon capture and storage
The economics and regulation of carbon capture and storage cover capture costs from $15 to $120 per metric ton, tax credits and carbon pricing, storage liability, and project deployment.
Economics of aquaculture systems
The economics of aquaculture systems studies how costs, revenues, and returns of farmed aquatic food production vary by system, from earthen ponds to sea cages and recirculating tanks.
Economics of crime
The economics of crime is the branch of economics that treats crime as a rational choice and evaluates enforcement, punishment, and policy by their costs and effects.
Economics of Education Review
The Economics of Education Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier since 1981, covering education policy, finance, and the returns to human capital.
Economics of fascism
Economics of fascism: the economic systems of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Francoist Spain, blending private property with state direction. Key features: early Italian laissez-faire under De Stefani, corporatism, IRI and IMI state holdings, autarky, and Nazi rearmament and privatization.
Economics of reusable launch vehicles
The economics of reusable launch vehicles study whether recovering and reflying rocket hardware lowers launch costs; the Space Shuttle failed at this and SpaceX's Falcon 9 succeeded.
Economics, law and policy of dam removal
The economics, law and policy of dam removal covers who pays to dismantle a dam, who bears liability, and removal versus repair, with over 2,000 US dams removed since 1912.
Economies of scale
Economies of scale, or economy of scale, are the falling average costs a firm enjoys as its output rises, so larger producers make each unit more cheaply.
Economies of scope
Economies of scope are the cost savings a firm gains by producing several products together rather than separately, a concept named by Panzar and Willig in 1975.
Economist
An economist is a professional who studies how people, firms, and governments allocate scarce resources, applying economic theory and statistics to analyze data, evaluate policies, and forecast trends.
Economist Intelligence Unit
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), also known as Economist Intelligence Unit Limited, is the London-based research and analysis division of The Economist Group, founded in 1946 and known for the Democracy Index and Global Liveability Index.
Economists by era
Economists by era is a way of classifying economists by the historical period they worked in, from ancient writers through the classical school to the modern day.
Economizer
An economizer is a heat-recovery device that transfers heat from hot boiler exhaust to incoming feedwater, reducing fuel use, often saving 5 to 10 percent.
Economy
An economy is the social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of a society's goods and services, measured by indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP).
Economy and Society (journal)
Economy and Society is a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary academic journal of social theory and research, founded in 1972 and published by Routledge, covering economic and cultural relations, states, and governance.
Economy car
An economy car, also known as a low cost car, is a small, inexpensive automobile defined by low purchase and running costs rather than any official size class.
Economy of Afghanistan
The economy of Afghanistan is a low-income, import-dependent economy with nominal GDP of US$17.2 billion in 2023, cut off from global finance after the 2021 Taliban takeover.
Economy of Africa
The economy of Africa, also called the African economy, is a services-led, commodity-exporting system of roughly $2.2 trillion in nominal output, growing 4.2 percent in 2025.
Economy of Aichi Prefecture
The economy of Aichi Prefecture is the manufacturing-centered economy of Japan's Chubu region, built around the Toyota group and leading Japan in manufacturing shipments for 47 consecutive years.
Economy of Albania
The economy of Albania is a small, service-heavy market economy of about 2.8 million people in the Western Balkans, with nominal GDP of roughly $23 billion.
Economy of Alberta
The economy of Alberta, also known as the industry in Alberta, is a $473.9 billion provincial economy serving 4.9 million people, built on oil and gas.