All articles starting with F
15,892 articles
Fermented grape pomace
Fermented grape pomace: winery by-product (grape skins, seeds, pulp) biotransformed by yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, or fungi to enhance polyphenols and bioactivity; FDA GRAS Notice 1302 (Crush Dynamics) covers it as a flavoring agent.
Fermi (lunar crater)
Fermi is a roughly 240-km-wide impact crater on the far side of the Moon at 19.6°S, 123.2°E, west of Tsiolkovsky crater; its ancient Pre-Nectarian floor is un-flooded by mare basalt and partly covered by Tsiolkovsky landslide deposits.
Fermi 2
Fermi 2 is a boiling water nuclear power reactor on the shore of Lake Erie in Michigan, operated by DTE Electric and generating about 1,170 megawatts.
Fermi acceleration
Fermi acceleration is the process by which charged particles gain energy through repeated reflections from moving magnetic structures, proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1949 to explain cosmic rays.
Fermi arc
A Fermi arc is an open, arc-shaped segment of the Fermi surface on a Weyl semimetal, connecting surface projections of two Weyl nodes of opposite chirality, first observed in TaAs in 2015.
Fermi arcs
Fermi arcs are open, arc-shaped segments of a material's Fermi surface, seen most prominently on Weyl semimetals, where each arc topologically connects two Weyl nodes of opposite chirality.
Fermi Bubbles
The Fermi Bubbles are two giant lobes of gamma-ray emission spanning about 50,000 light-years above and below the Milky Way's center, discovered in 2010 by NASA's Fermi telescope.
Fermi constant
The Fermi constant, written G_F, is the coupling constant that sets the strength of the low-energy weak interaction, introduced in Enrico Fermi's 1934 beta decay theory.
Fermi energy
The Fermi energy is the energy of the highest occupied electron state in a system of fermions at absolute zero, typically a few eV in metals.
FERMI free-electron laser
FERMI (Free Electron laser Radiation for Multidisciplinary Investigations) is a seeded free-electron laser facility in Trieste, Italy, emitting extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray light from 100 to 4 nm.
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, launched as GLAST in 2008 and named for physicist Enrico Fermi, is a NASA observatory that surveys the whole sky in gamma rays.
Fermi gas
A Fermi gas, or fermion gas, is a system of identical fermions occupying quantum states under the Pauli exclusion principle, governed by the Fermi-Dirac distribution.
Fermi interaction
The Fermi interaction, proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1934, is a four-fermion contact interaction that described nuclear beta decay and remains the weak interaction's low-energy description.
Fermi level
The Fermi level is the chemical potential of electrons in a solid or electrolyte, the energy with a 50 percent probability of occupation at thermal equilibrium.
Fermi level pinning
Fermi level pinning is the fixing of a semiconductor's Fermi level at an interface with a metal, making the Schottky barrier height independent of the metal used.
Fermi liquid theory
Fermi liquid theory, or Landau's Fermi-liquid theory, is a framework formulated by Lev Landau in 1956 and 1957 that describes interacting fermion systems, such as liquid helium-3 and metals, via long-lived quasiparticles.
Fermi paradox
The Fermi paradox, also called the Fermi-Hart paradox, is the conflict between the expected abundance of alien civilizations and the total lack of evidence for them.
Fermi polaron
A Fermi polaron is a quasiparticle formed when a mobile impurity interacts with and is modified by a surrounding degenerate Fermi gas, studied widely in ultracold atoms.
Fermi problem
A Fermi problem, also called a Fermi estimate, is an estimation problem solved by breaking a quantity into parts estimated from general knowledge, to within an order of magnitude.
Fermi resonance
Fermi resonance is an anharmonic mixing of two molecular vibrational states of the same symmetry and nearly equal energy, named for Enrico Fermi, who explained it in 1931.
Fermi surface
The Fermi surface is the boundary in momentum space between occupied and unoccupied electron states in a metal at zero temperature; it is measured by quantum oscillations and ARPES.
Fermi–Dirac statistics
Fermi–Dirac statistics, also known as the Fermi–Dirac distribution, describes how identical fermions such as electrons occupy energy states in thermal equilibrium, governed by the Pauli exclusion principle.
Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction
The Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction (FLOSIC) is a formulation of the Perdew–Zunger self-interaction correction in density functional theory that uses localized Fermi–Löwdin orbitals, restoring unitary invariance and size extensivity.
Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou recurrence in multimode optical fibers
Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou recurrence in multimode optical fibers is the quasi-periodic return of light to its initial mode distribution rather than smooth energy sharing, driven by modulation instability.
Fermi's golden rule
Fermi's golden rule is a quantum mechanics formula giving the constant transition rate from a discrete initial state into a continuum of final states under a weak perturbation.
Fermi's interaction
Fermi's interaction is the four-fermion theory Enrico Fermi proposed in 1934 to describe nuclear beta decay, the first quantum field theory of the weak force.
Fermilab
Fermilab, formally the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, is the United States' national laboratory for particle physics in Batavia, Illinois, founded in 1967 and named for Enrico Fermi.
Fermilab Main Injector
The Fermilab Main Injector is a two-mile-circumference proton synchrotron at Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, dedicated in 1999 to inject protons into the Tevatron and produce intense neutrino beams.
Fermin Cacho
Fermin Cacho Ruiz (born 1969, Agreda, Soria) is a Spanish 1,500 m runner, Olympic gold medallist at Barcelona 1992 (3:40.12) and silver medallist at Atlanta 1996, European champion 1994, and European 1,500 m record holder (3:28.95) from 1997 to 2013.
Fermín Lasuén
Fermín Lasuén, born Fermín Francisco de Lasuén de Arasqueta (1736–1803), was a Spanish Basque Franciscan missionary who led the California missions from 1785 to 1803.