All articles starting with F
15,892 articles
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), 15 U.S.C. 78dd-1 et seq.: 1977 U.S. law banning bribery of foreign officials and requiring accurate books, records, and internal controls, enforced by DOJ and SEC, paused by February 2025 executive order.
Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is cross-border investment giving an investor a lasting interest and control in an enterprise in another economy, conventionally 10 percent or more of voting securities.
Foreign electoral intervention
Foreign electoral intervention is action by foreign governments or proxies to shape another country's elections, split into influence (swaying voters, parties) and interference (disrupting administration). Documented in 30% of 2024's 63 national elections; 81 US cases 1946-2000; 27 Russian cases since 1991.
Foreign Exchange (album)
Foreign Exchange is the album catalog of The Foreign Exchange, the R&B/soul duo of Phonte Coleman (Little Brother) and Dutch producer Nicolay; debut Connected (2004) was made entirely online, and Leave It All Behind (2008) earned a Grammy nomination.
Foreign exchange forward
A foreign exchange forward is an over-the-counter contract in which two parties agree today to exchange two currencies at a fixed rate on a future date, eliminating exchange-rate uncertainty.
Foreign Exchange Management Act
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) is India's civil statute governing foreign exchange transactions and foreign payments, replacing the criminal FERA 1973 with effect from 1 June 2000.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market, also called the forex or FX market, is the worldwide over-the-counter market for trading currencies, averaging $9.6 trillion in daily turnover in 2025.
Foreign exchange option
A foreign exchange option is a contract giving the right, but not the obligation, to exchange one currency for another at a set rate on a set date.
Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign exchange reserves are foreign-currency assets held by a country's monetary authority to meet balance of payments needs and intervene in currency markets, totaling $13.10 trillion in 2026.
Foreign exchange spot
A foreign exchange spot trade exchanges one currency for another at the trade-date rate, settling two business days later; it is 31% of daily FX turnover.
Foreign exchange swap
A foreign exchange (FX) swap is a single contract exchanging currencies at the spot rate and reversing at a pre-agreed forward rate, functioning as short-term currency borrowing.
Foreign function interface
A foreign function interface (FFI) is a mechanism that lets code written in one programming language call functions and exchange data with code written in another, most often C.
Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan
Oyatoi gaikokujin (お雇い外国人) were European and American advisors hired by the shogunate, the Meiji government, and private firms to import Western technology and institutions; about 520 government hires peaked in 1874–75 at 33.7% of the budget, and the system ended in 1899.
Foreign imperialism in China
Foreign imperialism in China: Western and Japanese dominance imposed through unequal treaties (1842–1917), the Opium Wars, treaty ports, and extraterritorial enclaves, ending with the Communist victory in 1949.
Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)
Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR, Служба внешней разведки), Russia's civilian foreign intelligence agency founded December 18, 1991 from the KGB's First Chief Directorate, led by Sergei Naryshkin, known for illegals and APT29 cyber espionage.
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 50 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq., is the 1978 U.S. law governing foreign intelligence surveillance through the FISA court; Section 702 (2008) permits warrantless collection on foreign targets abroad and faced a 2026 reauthorization standoff.
Foreign interventions by the United States
Foreign interventions by the United States: overseas uses of American military force from 1798 to today, authorized by 11 declarations of war, roughly 50 AUMFs, or presidential authority, shaped by the 1973 War Powers Resolution and tracked by the MIP dataset.
Foreign involvement in the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
Foreign involvement in the Myanmar civil war since the 2021 coup: Russia and China arm the junta ($406m and $267m in UN-documented flows), Thailand and India hedge, ASEAN leads limited diplomacy via the Five-Point Consensus, and Western states sanction the junta while engaging the NUG.
Foreign involvement in the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
Foreign involvement in the Sudanese civil war (2023–present): external military and financial backing of the SAF (Egypt, Iran, Russia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia) versus the RSF (UAE, via Chad and gold networks), and its prolonging of the war.
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war: Iran, Russia, Turkey, the US, and Israel intervened from 2011; Russia's 2015 intervention preserved Assad, the Astana process dominated diplomacy, and Assad fell in December 2024, after which US forces withdrew and Russia's bases were reorganized.
Foreign key
A foreign key, also known as a foreign key constraint, is a column or column group that must match a key in a referenced table, enforcing referential integrity.
Foreign language
A foreign language is a language that is not the learner's mother tongue and is not spoken in the learner's environment, typically learned through formal instruction rather than daily exposure.
Foreign market entry modes
Foreign market entry modes are the arrangements firms use to sell or produce abroad, from exporting and licensing to joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries.
Foreign military bases in Djibouti
Foreign military bases in Djibouti: installations of France, the US, China, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the UK clustered near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, including Camp Lemonnier and China's first overseas base.
Foreign Military Sales
Foreign Military Sales (FMS) is the US government program for selling defense articles, services, and training to foreign countries, authorized by the Arms Export Control Act of 1976.
Foreign object damage
Foreign object damage, or foreign object debris (FOD), is damage to aircraft, engines, or aerospace hardware from stray objects, and the term also names prevention programs.
Foreign policy
Foreign policy: how states pursue national interests abroad. Covers political, economic, and military tools, economic statecraft, sanctions limits, domestic decision-making, and current strategy documents from US and UK practice.
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy (FP) is an American global affairs magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel Huntington and Warren Manshel, now published by the FP Group under Graham Holdings, distinct from Foreign Affairs and the Foreign Policy Analysis journal.
Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government
Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government, 2014 to present: Neighbourhood First, Act East, multialignment; assertive Pakistan policy (Uri 2016, Balakot 2019), post-Galwan China stance, G20 presidency, and the continuity-versus-change scholarly debate.
Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration
Reagan administration foreign policy (1981–1989), also called the Reagan Doctrine: anti-détente Cold War strategy with a 35% defense buildup, SDI, aid to Contras and Afghan mujahideen, and the 1987 INF Treaty with Gorbachev.