All articles starting with F
15,892 articles
Fosinopril
Fosinopril (Monopril) is an ACE inhibitor prodrug converted to fosinoprilat, approved in 1991 for hypertension and adjunctive heart failure therapy; dosed 10-40 mg once daily, dual liver-kidney elimination, boxed fetal toxicity warning.
FOSL1
FOSL1 (Fra-1, FOS like 1) is a gene on chromosome 11q13.1 encoding an AP-1 transcription factor subunit overexpressed in most solid tumors, driving EMT, metastasis, glycolysis, and therapy resistance, with no approved targeted drug yet.
FOSL2
FOSL2 (Fra-2, FRA2, ACED; HGNC:3798) is a human chromosome 2p23.2 gene encoding a leucine-zipper AP-1 transcription factor subunit that dimerizes with Jun proteins, regulating bone formation, fibrosis, immunity, and cancer.
Foslevodopa
Foslevodopa (levodopa-4'-monophosphate, ABBV-951 with foscarbidopa; Vyalev, Produodopa) is a phosphate prodrug of levodopa given by continuous subcutaneous infusion for motor fluctuations in advanced Parkinson's disease.
Fosmetpantotenate
Fosmetpantotenate (RE-024) is a discontinued Retrophin phosphopantothenate prodrug for pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN); safe in the phase 3 FORT trial but failed to improve PKAN-ADL function.
Fosmidomycin
Fosmidomycin (FR-31564), a Streptomyces phosphonate antibiotic, inhibits DXR in the MEP isoprenoid pathway; an antimalarial drug lead with poor permeability, 3.5 h half-life, and no drug approval.
Fosnetupitant
Fosnetupitant (Akynzeo IV, with palonosetron) is a water-soluble phosphorylated prodrug of the NK1 receptor antagonist netupitant, given as a 235 mg intravenous infusion to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; FDA approved 2018, noninferior to fosaprepitant with fewer injection-site reactions.
Fosphenytoin
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) is a water-soluble phosphate ester prodrug of phenytoin, dosed in phenytoin sodium equivalents, FDA-approved in 1996 for status epilepticus and neurosurgical seizures.
Fospropofol
Fospropofol, sold as Lusedra and formerly Aquavan, is a water-soluble prodrug of the anesthetic propofol used for sedation in adults during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Fosrolapitant and palonosetron for injection
Fosrolapitant/palonosetron for injection (Ritanine, HR20013, 注射用磷罗拉匹坦帕洛诺司琼) is Hengrui's fixed-dose IV NK-1 plus 5-HT3 antiemetic, NMPA-approved May 27, 2025 for HEC-induced CINV, with a 188-hour rolapitant half-life allowing one dose per cycle.
Fossa (animal)
Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox, fosa): Madagascar's largest living carnivoran, a cat-like Eupleridae member related to mongooses, preying on lemurs (over 50% of diet), listed Vulnerable, with extinct larger relative C. spelea.
Fossa Augusta
Fossa Augusta: Roman navigable canal ordered by Emperor Augustus connecting Ravenna and its port of Classe to a Po delta branch (the Padusa, formerly Messanicus), distinct from the Aqua Augusta aqueduct near Naples.
Fossa ovalis (heart)
Fossa ovalis: oval depression on the lower interatrial septum of the right atrium, the closed remnant of the fetal foramen ovale; floor is septum primum, rim (limbus) is septum secundum; fusion fails in about 25% of people, leaving a patent foramen ovale.
Fossa Regia
Fossa Regia, the 'royal ditch': Roman boundary trench traced by Scipio Aemilianus in 146 BCE from Thabraca to Hadrumetum or Thenae, separating Africa Vetus from Numidia and later dividing Africa Vetus from Africa Nova.
Fossa Traiana
Fossa Traiana, Canale di Fiumicino, artificial canal at Portus, Rome's imperial harbour, linking the Claudian and Trajanic basins with the Tiber and the sea; built for flood relief, it created the Isola Sacra and survives as a navigable waterway.
Fossae Marianae
Fossae Marianae (Fossa Mariana), the canal of Marius dug about 102 BC in the Rhône delta, and the Roman port of Fos at its mouth, Arles' maritime outport, active from the late 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.
Fossae Papirianae
Fossae Papirianae (Φόσσαι Παπιριαναί) were Roman drainage or navigable ditches near Massarosa/Massaciuccoli, Tuscany, giving their name to a road station on the Via Aemilia Scauri between Pisa and Luna, near Viareggio.
Fossatum Africae
Fossatum Africae, the "African ditch": a Roman linear frontier structure (limes) in Algeria and Tunisia, claimed over 750 km, a ditch with embankments, watchtowers and castella, begun probably under Hadrian (after 122) and abandoned around 430-440.
Fosse Way
Fosse Way: Roman road in Britain running from Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia), established by 47 AD as a frontier service road, passing Leicester, Bath, and Cirencester.
Fosse/Verdon
Fosse/Verdon is an American biographical limited series that premiered on FX in 2019. It dramatizes the creative partnership of Bob Fosse and Gwen Verdon, winning four Primetime Emmy Awards.
Fossil
Fossil: preserved evidence of ancient life, from Latin fossilis ("dug up"), first used by Agricola in 1546. Includes body and trace fossils, formed by permineralization, molds, carbonization, and other processes; the fossil record is rich but biased toward hard parts and marine settings.
Fossil and evolutionary history of crane flies
The fossil and evolutionary history of crane flies (Tipuloidea) begins in the Middle Triassic about 245 million years ago, with Limoniidae dominating a thin, uneven fossil record.
Fossil and evolutionary record of Glomeromycota
The fossil record of Glomeromycota, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with about 85% of plant species, includes unequivocal arbuscules in Early Devonian plants from Scotland's Rhynie chert.
Fossil and extinct gnetophytes
Fossil and extinct gnetophytes are Mesozoic and Cenozoic plant fossils assigned to the gnetophyte lineage, whose living relatives are Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia; their diversity peaked in the Early Cretaceous.
Fossil and extinct isoetalean lycophytes
Fossil and extinct isoetalean lycophytes are the extinct relatives of quillworts, ranging from the latest Devonian to the Holocene and once including trees up to 50 m tall.
Fossil Araucariaceae
Fossil Araucariaceae is the fossil record of the southern conifer family that includes the monkey puzzle tree, kauris, and the Wollemi pine, once widespread across Gondwana in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
Fossil Asilomorpha
Fossil Asilomorpha are preserved remains of robber flies, bee flies, and their asiloid relatives, known from amber and compression fossils spanning the mid-Cretaceous to the Miocene.
Fossil barnacles
Fossil barnacles are the preserved shell plates of barnacle crustaceans, first recorded in the Silurian with Cyprilepas, radiating among Jurassic stalked forms, and expanding in the Cenozoic.
Fossil bees and bee paleontology
Fossil bees are the preserved remains, impressions, and nests of bees, a lineage arising from carnivorous apoid wasps in the late Early Cretaceous; 99% of fossils are Tertiary.
Fossil Cycad National Monument
Fossil Cycad National Monument, abolished 1957, was a 320-acre NPS unit near Hot Springs, South Dakota, protecting Cretaceous cycadeoid (Bennettitales) fossils; over-collecting left it fossil-free.