All articles starting with F
15,892 articles
Friedebert Tuglas
Friedebert Tuglas (1886–1971), born Friedebert Mihkelson, was an Estonian writer best known for short stories like Popi ja Huhuu and as a founder of the Estonian Writers' Union.
Friedel Berges
Friedel Berges (Friedrich Berges, 1903-1969), German freestyle swimmer from Darmstadt; two-time European 4x200 m relay champion, 1927 world record 9:49.6, 1928 Olympian, multiple German 400 and 1500 m titlist.
Friedel–Crafts acylation
Friedel–Crafts acylation is a named organic reaction, discovered by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877, that installs an acyl group onto an aromatic ring to give an aryl ketone.
Friedel–Crafts alkylation
Friedel–Crafts alkylation is a Lewis acid–catalyzed reaction attaching an alkyl group to an aromatic ring, classically with an alkyl chloride and AlCl₃, and remains widely used in industrial synthesis.
Friedel–Crafts reaction
The Friedel–Crafts reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution that attaches alkyl or acyl groups to aromatic rings, discovered by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877.
Friedel's salt
Friedel's salt, also called calcium chloro-aluminate, is a calcium chloroaluminate hydrate (Ca₂Al(OH)₆Cl·2H₂O) forming in Portland cement, and its chloride binding retards corrosion of steel reinforcement.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser
Friedensreich Hundertwasser (Friedrich Stowasser, 1928–2000), Austrian painter, printmaker and architect; spiral motifs, anti-straight-line architecture, Hundertwasserhaus Vienna, tree tenants, ecological activism, New Zealand years.
Frieder Jäkle
Frieder Jäkle, born 1969, is a German-born materials chemist and Distinguished Professor at Rutgers University–Newark whose group develops boron-doped conjugated polymers for organic electronics and sensing.
Frieder Seible
Frieder Seible (born 1952) is a structural engineer known for seismic retrofit of bridges and blast-resistant design, and Dean Emeritus of UC San Diego's engineering school.
Friederich Ignaz Mautner
Friederich Ignaz Mautner was a mathematician who worked on unitary representation theory of locally compact groups and is remembered for the Mautner phenomenon, a standard tool in ergodic theory.
Friedhelm Hildebrandt
Friedhelm Hildebrandt, M.D., is a pediatric nephrologist and geneticist who is chief of nephrology at Boston Children's Hospital and a Harvard professor, known for identifying single-gene causes of inherited childhood kidney disease.
Friedhelm Loh
Friedhelm Loh (born 1946) is a German entrepreneur who owns and chairs the Friedhelm Loh Group, whose core company Rittal leads the world in electrical enclosures.
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg is a German geochemist who was professor at GFZ Potsdam and Freie Universität Berlin, best known for measuring erosion rates with cosmogenic beryllium-10.
Friedhelm Wentzke
Friedhelm Wentzke (1935–2026), West German flatwater canoer; Olympic gold in the K-1 4×500 m relay at Rome 1960 (7:39.43) with the only equally mixed East-West German team, and K4 1,000 m silver at Tokyo 1964.
Friedl Iby
Friedl Iby (Frieda Iby-Kopp, 1905–1960), German artistic gymnast from Nürnberg, club MTV Nürnberg; won women's team gold for Germany at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, placed 17th individually.
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge
Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, also known as Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, was a German chemist who first isolated caffeine from coffee beans and identified key coal-tar compounds including aniline and phenol.
Friedman test
The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test for detecting differences among three or more treatments measured on the same blocks, introduced by Milton Friedman in 1937.
Friedmann equations
The Friedmann equations are the two general-relativity equations governing the expansion of a homogeneous, isotropic universe, linking the scale factor to energy density, pressure, curvature, and the cosmological constant.
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
The Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) metric is the spacetime metric describing a homogeneous and isotropic universe, first studied by Alexandr Friedman in 1922 and central to modern cosmology.
Friedreich's ataxia
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive ataxia from GAA repeat expansion in FXN causing frataxin deficiency; features gait ataxia, areflexia, cardiomyopathy, diabetes; omaveloxolone (Skyclarys) is the first approved drug.
Friedrich Adolf Lampe
Friedrich Adolf Lampe (1683–1729) was a German Reformed theologian, pastor, and hymn writer who taught at Utrecht and wrote the six-volume covenant theology work Geheimniß des Gnadenbunds.
Friedrich Akel
Friedrich Karl Akel was an Estonian statesman and ophthalmologist who served as Estonia's head of state from March to December 1924 and as foreign minister three times.
Friedrich Armin Loofs
Friedrich Armin Loofs (1858–1928) was a German Lutheran church historian who held the chair of church history at the University of Halle from 1888 to 1926.
Friedrich Berger
Friedrich Berger is the name of several twentieth-century figures, most notably a German freestyle swimmer who won European titles in 1926 and 1927, and a Gestapo bureau chief in occupied Paris.
Friedrich Bergius
Friedrich Bergius was a German chemist who invented high-pressure coal hydrogenation, the Bergius process for synthetic liquid fuel, and shared the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Carl Bosch.
Friedrich Berthold Reinke
Friedrich Berthold Reinke was a German anatomist (1862–1919) who spent his career at the University of Rostock and gave his name to the Reinke space of the vocal fold and Reinke crystals.
Friedrich Bleek
Friedrich Bleek (1793–1859) was a German Protestant theologian and biblical exegete, professor at Bonn, known for his commentary on Hebrews and posthumous Old Testament Introduction.
Friedrich Bonhoeffer
Friedrich Bonhoeffer (1932–2021) was a German developmental neuroscientist, trained as a nuclear physicist, who showed how retinal axons find their targets and led a Max Planck institute in Tübingen.
Friedrich Bosse
Friedrich Bosse (1864–1931) was a German Protestant theologian who held the chair of New Testament and historical theology at Greifswald before moving into Berlin library service in 1904.
Friedrich Breckling
Friedrich Breckling (1629–1711) was a north German Lutheran pastor and mystical spiritualist, removed from his Flensburg post in 1659 and exiled in the Netherlands, where he served as an info-broker for nonconformist networks.