All articles starting with F
15,892 articles
Friedrich Heinrich Hugo Windischmann
Friedrich Heinrich Hugo Windischmann (1811–1861) was a German Catholic priest, orientalist, and exegete who combined Bavarian church offices with pioneering philological studies of Zoroastrian religion, the Vedanta, and Armenian Christianity.
Friedrich Hermann Busse
Friedrich Hermann Busse (born 1936) is a German physicist known for work on rotating convection, dynamo theory, and the geodynamo model called the Busse balloon.
Friedrich Hirzebruch
Friedrich Hirzebruch (1927–2012) was a German mathematician in topology and algebraic geometry, known for the signature and Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorems and for founding the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn.
Friedrich Hölderlin
Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843) was a German lyric poet, novelist, and translator, author of Hyperion and the great hymns Der Rhein, Brot und Wein, and Patmos.
Friedrich Hölderlin Prize
The Friedrich Hölderlin Prize of the City of Bad Homburg is a German literary prize awarded since 1983, honoring the poet who lived in the city.
Friedrich Hund
Friedrich Hund (1896–1997) was a German theoretical physicist who formulated Hund's rules for electron configurations, developed molecular orbital theory alongside Robert Mulliken, and discovered the quantum tunnel effect.
Friedrich Jeckeln
Friedrich August Jeckeln (1895–1946), SS-Obergruppenführer and Higher SS and Police Leader in Ukraine and Ostland, directed the Kamianets-Podilskyi, Babi Yar, and Rumbula massacres using the "Jeckeln System"; tried and hanged in Riga, 3 February 1946.
Friedrich Johann Karl Becke
Friedrich Johann Karl Becke was an Austrian mineralogist and petrograph, professor at Vienna, whose Becke line method for comparing mineral refractive indices is still used today.
Friedrich Julius Stahl
Friedrich Julius Stahl, born Julius Jolson-Uhlfelder, was a German jurist and conservative statesman who created the legal theory of the German-type constitutional monarchy in 1845.
Friedrich K. Port
Friedrich K. Port, also known as Friedrich Port or Fritz Port, is a German-born nephrologist and outcomes researcher known for large-scale studies of mortality in dialysis and transplant patients.
Friedrich Koenig
Friedrich Koenig, born Johann Friedrich Gottlob Koenig, was a German printer and inventor whose steam-driven cylinder press printed The Times of London on 29 November 1814.
Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist)
Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch (1840–1910) was a German physicist who precisely measured the electrical conductivity of electrolytes and formulated the law of independent ionic migration in 1876.
Friedrich Konrad Beilstein
Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (1838–1906) was a German chemist who spent his career in St. Petersburg and created the Handbuch der organischen Chemie, a standard reference catalog of organic compounds.
Friedrich Krafft
Friedrich Krafft (1852–1923) was a German chemist who studied under Kekulé and taught at Heidelberg; he is known for the Krafft point of surfactants and the Krafft degradation.
Friedrich Kremer
Friedrich Kremer is a German physicist and professor of molecular physics at Universität Leipzig from 1993 to 2015, known for broadband dielectric spectroscopy of polymers and soft matter.
Friedrich Leopold, Count Stolberg
Friedrich Leopold, Count Stolberg (Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg, 1750–1819) was a German lyric poet and travel writer who traveled with Goethe and converted to Catholicism in 1800.
Friedrich List
Friedrich List (1789–1846), German economist and railway pioneer from Reutlingen, author of The National System of Political Economy (1841); devised the stages theory, productive-powers doctrine, and infant-industry tariff argument, and helped launch the Zollverein.
Friedrich Loeffler
Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915) was a German bacteriologist who isolated the diphtheria bacillus in 1884 and, with Paul Frosch, showed in 1898 that foot-and-mouth disease was caused by the first animal virus.
Friedrich Lücke
Friedrich Lücke, full name Gottfried Christian Friedrich Lücke, was a German Lutheran theologian and New Testament scholar, a professor at Bonn and Göttingen and a leading representative of mediating theology.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Turnvater (father of gymnastics), 1778-1852, Prussian pedagogue who opened the first public Turnplatz in Berlin's Hasenheide in 1811, founded the German gymnastics movement, and remains controversial for his nationalism and antisemitic writings.
Friedrich Luthi
Friedrich Lüthi (Frédéric Luthi), 1850–1913, Swiss sport shooter; won team free pistol gold at Paris 1900 Olympics and World Championship rifle team gold in 1897.
Friedrich Martens
Friedrich Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens, was an Estonian-born Russian jurist and diplomat who drafted the Martens Clause at the 1899 Hague Peace Conference.
Friedrich Merz
Friedrich Merz (born 1955, Brilon) is a German CDU lawyer and politician; CDU chairman since 2022 and Federal Chancellor since 6 May 2025 leading a CDU/CSU-SPD coalition, after earlier serving as CDU/CSU Bundestag faction leader 2000-2002.
Friedrich Naumann
Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919), German Protestant pastor turned left-liberal politician; founded the Nationalsozialer Verein and Die Hilfe, wrote Mitteleuropa, co-founded the DDP, and became its first chairman in the Weimar National Assembly.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher and cultural critic; Basel classical philology professor at 24; author of Thus Spoke Zarathustra and Beyond Good and Evil; known for the death of God, will to power, eternal recurrence, and perspectivism.
Friedrich Olbricht
Friedrich Olbricht (1888–1944), German General der Infanterie and head of the Allgemeines Heeresamt, reworked Operation Valkyrie into a coup plan, triggered it on July 20, 1944, and was shot that night in the Bendlerblock courtyard.
Friedrich Paneth
Friedrich Adolf Paneth (1887–1958) was an Austrian-born British chemist who, with George de Hevesy, introduced radioactive tracer techniques in 1913 and later pioneered free radical detection and helium dating of meteorites.
Friedrich Paschen
Friedrich Paschen (Louis Carl Heinrich Friedrich Paschen, 1865–1947) was a German physicist who discovered the Paschen series, formulated Paschen's law, and led the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt from 1924 to 1933.
Friedrich Paulus
Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (1890–1957), German field marshal, commanded the Sixth Army at Stalingrad, surrendered 31 January 1943, later joined the National Committee for a Free Germany and testified at Nuremberg.
Friedrich Philipp Ellinger
Friedrich Philipp Ellinger (1900–1962) was a German-American physician and radiation biologist who worked at the University of Berlin, moved to New York by 1941, and wrote influential textbooks on radiation therapy.