All articles starting with F
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Functional specification
A functional specification, also called a functional spec or functional specifications document, states in precise, testable terms what a software or hardware system must do, capturing its functional requirements.
Functional Status
Functional status is a health outcome describing how well a person can perform everyday tasks, from walking and concentrating to self-care activities like bathing, dressing, and eating.
Functional strategy
A functional strategy is the plan a single function, such as marketing, finance, or HR, follows to support its company's business strategy and improve its own performance.
Functional testing
Functional testing is software testing that evaluates what a system should do, checking completeness, correctness, and appropriateness, typically as black-box testing derived from the specification.
Functional tremor
Functional tremor (psychogenic tremor), the most common functional movement disorder, is involuntary-appearing tremor with variability, distractibility, and entrainment; diagnosed clinically and electrophysiologically, treated with physiotherapy and CBT.
Functional ultrasound imaging
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS, also fUSI) is a neuroimaging method that uses high-frame-rate ultrasound to measure cerebral blood volume changes, applied in rodents, primates, and humans.
Functional urinary incontinence
Functional urinary incontinence (FUI, toileting difficulty, ICD-11 MF50.23; ICS: disability associated incontinence): urine loss from cognitive or physical impairment blocking toilet access, not bladder disease; common in nursing homes, managed with prompted voiding and environmental change.
Functional verification
Functional verification is the process of checking that a digital circuit design is logically correct against its specification before manufacturing, typically consuming over half of chip project time.
Functional-group isomerism
Functional-group isomerism is a form of constitutional isomerism in which molecules share a molecular formula but belong to different families, like ethanol and dimethyl ether, both C2H6O.
Functional–structural plant model
A functional–structural plant model (FSPM) is a simulation that couples a plant's three-dimensional architecture with physiological processes to predict growth of individual plants under defined environmental conditions.
Functionalism (philosophy of mind)
Functionalism in the philosophy of mind holds that mental states are defined by their causal role, not their physical makeup; Hilary Putnam articulated it in the 1960s.
Functionalized phenols
Functionalized phenols are phenol molecules bearing substituents such as halogen, nitro, or amino groups, whose electronic effects shift acidity from phenol's pKa of 10 to picric acid's 0.4.
Functionally graded additive manufacturing
Functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) is a layer-by-layer fabrication process that gradually varies a part's composition, density, or microstructure so properties are matched to function.
Functionally graded material
A functionally graded material (FGM) is a composite whose composition and microstructure vary continuously through the part, reducing thermal stress; leading uses include turbine-engine thermal barrier coatings.
Functioning gonadotropic adenoma
Functioning gonadotropic adenoma, also called functioning gonadotroph adenoma (FGA), is a rare benign pituitary tumor secreting active FSH or LH, causing ovarian hyperstimulation in women and testicular enlargement in men.
Functor
A functor is a structure-preserving map between categories that sends objects to objects and morphisms to morphisms, introduced by Eilenberg and Mac Lane in 1945.
Funcusvermis
Funcusvermis gilmorei, the Funky Worm, is the oldest known caecilian, a Late Triassic (~220 Ma) limbless stem amphibian from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, described in Nature in 2023 from the most abundant caecilian bonebed known.
Fund accounting
Fund accounting segregates an organization's resources into separate self-balancing funds to prove restricted money was used as intended. Used by governments (GASB, modified accrual), nonprofits (FASB), federal grantees, and investment funds (ASC 946, NAV).
Funda Meric-Bernstam
Funda Meric-Bernstam is a physician-scientist and surgical oncologist who chairs Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, MD Anderson's Phase I program, known for antibody-drug conjugate trials and precision oncology.
Fundación Escuela de Baile Swing Latino
Fundación Escuela de Baile Swing Latino, known as Swing Latino, is a salsa dance school and social foundation in Cali, Colombia, founded by dancer Luis Eduardo Hernández in 1995.
Fundal height
Fundal height (symphysis-fundal height, SFH) is the tape-measured distance from the pubic bone to the top of the uterus, used after 24 weeks to screen fetal growth; roughly 1 cm per gestational week, with limited sensitivity.
Fundamenta Mathematicae
Fundamenta Mathematicae is a Polish mathematics journal published in Warsaw by the Polish Academy of Sciences, founded in 1920 as the world's first specialized mathematical journal, devoted to set theory.
Fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis is a method of valuing a security by estimating its intrinsic value from economic, industry, and company data, then comparing it with the market price.
Fundamental Articles
The Fundamental Articles (Fundamentální články; German: Fundamentalartikel) were a draft 1871 Czech-Austrian compromise, meant to give Bohemia a status like Hungary's within the Habsburg monarchy, but the plan failed.
Fundamental attribution error
Fundamental attribution error, also called correspondence bias or overattribution bias: the tendency to overattribute others' behavior to disposition and underweight situation. Coined by Lee Ross (1977); demonstrated by Jones and Harris (1967).
Fundamental diagram of traffic flow
The fundamental diagram of traffic flow shows how flow rate, density, and speed relate on a road, rising to maximum flow at an intermediate density before congestion reduces it.
Fundamental domain
A fundamental domain is a subset of a space that contains exactly one representative of each orbit of a group action, so its translates tile the space.
Fundamental frequency
The fundamental frequency, also called the fundamental tone or first harmonic, is the lowest frequency of a periodic vibration, abbreviated F0 and measured in hertz.
Fundamental group
The fundamental group, also called the first homotopy group, is the group formed by the loops of a topological space up to continuous deformation, recording how loops wind around holes.
Fundamental indexation
Fundamental indexation is an equity index method that weights stocks by economic size measures like book value, sales, and dividends instead of market capitalization, introduced in 2005 by Arnott, Hsu, and Moore.