All articles starting with G
18,970 articles
Gender binary
Gender binary: the social system treating sex (male/female) and gender (masculine/feminine) as two opposite, nonoverlapping categories; most but not all societies use it, many cultures recognize third or fourth genders, and its scope is contested in science, measurement, and law.
Gender differences in suicide
Gender differences in suicide: the gender paradox, where women attempt suicide more often but men die more often, explained by method lethality, intent, help-seeking, and social roles, with global trends and prevention evidence.
Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is the DSM-5-TR diagnosis of clinically significant distress from incongruence between experienced gender and sex assigned at birth; ICD-11 instead uses gender incongruence, classified under sexual health, with distinct criteria and treatment frameworks.
Gender equality
Gender equality: equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for women and men and girls and boys (UN definition). Also SDG 5. UN reports put full equality 171 years away; women hold 27.4% of parliamentary seats.
Gender equity programs in physics
Gender equity programs in physics are organized interventions, including mentoring networks, targeted funding and fellowships, targeted hiring, and accreditation schemes, that aim to improve women's participation and advancement in physics.
Gender fluidity
Gender fluidity is change over time in a person's gender identity or gender expression; a genderfluid person may identify as male, female, non-binary, or no gender.
Gender identity
Gender identity is a person's internal sense of their own gender, distinct from sex assigned at birth, gender expression, and sexual orientation; coined in 1960s sexology (Money, Stoller) and now defined by WHO, APA, and CIHR guidance.
Gender in Bible translation
Gender in Bible translation, also called Bible translation and gender, is the debate over how to translate generic masculine Hebrew and Greek terms like adam and adelphoi into English.
Gender incongruence of childhood
Gender incongruence of childhood (ICD-11 HA61) is a WHO sexual-health diagnosis for pre-pubertal children with a marked, roughly two-year incongruence between experienced gender and assigned sex, replacing ICD-10's gender identity disorder of childhood.
Gender inequality
Gender inequality is the unequal treatment, access, and outcomes experienced by people based on sex or gender, in work, education, health, and safety, with women typically most affected.
Gender inequality in India
Gender inequality in India covers legal, economic, health, and political disparities between women and men: 929 sex ratio at birth, women earning about three-fourths of male wages, 15.1% parliamentary seats, and the 2023 one-third seat reservation law.
Gender Inequality Index
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a UNDP composite index measuring gender inequality in reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market, scored 0 to 1, introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report.
Gender neutrality
Gender neutrality: policies, laws, language, and spaces not associated with either women or men. Covers EIGE's definition, neutral drafting in UK and Canadian legislation, US courts' facial-neutrality standard, singular they, and neutrality versus inclusivity critiques.
Gender of connectors and fasteners
Gender of connectors and fasteners, also called plug genders, is the engineering convention where male parts carry pins or external threads and female parts carry sockets or internal threads.
Gender of God
Gender of God: whether deity is masculine, feminine, both, or neither. Covers Christian traditionalism, grammatical gender in Hebrew/Greek/Latin, biblical feminine imagery, the Jewish Shekhinah, Rea and Hahn's philosophical arguments, and liturgical debates.
Gender pay gap
The gender pay gap, also called the gender wage gap, is the measured difference between women's and men's average earnings, typically expressed as a percentage of men's earnings.
Gender pay gap in the United States
The gender pay gap in the United States is the difference between what women and men are paid; in 2024 women earned 83 to 85 cents per dollar.
Gender representation in video games
Gender representation in video games covers how women and gender-diverse people appear as characters and participate as players and developers. Men characters vastly outnumber women in game content despite a near gender-parity player base; female characters are often sexualized or secondary, and harassment shapes women's play.
Gender reveal party
Gender reveal party: a celebration, popularized by Jenna Karvunidis's 2008 blog cake, where expectant parents stage a pink-or-blue disclosure of fetal sex; criticized for conflating sex with gender and linked to wildfires and injuries.
Gender role
Gender role: socially defined behaviors and responsibilities deemed appropriate for men or women; distinguished from gender identity (Money & Ehrhardt), explained by social role theory, historically persistent, and measured by scales such as the AWS and BSRI.
Gender roles in Islam
Gender roles in Islam: rights and responsibilities of men and women under the Quran, fiqh, and custom. Covers qiwamah (Quran 4:34), Musawah, Islamic feminism, KUPI women ulama, and cross-country variation.
Gender studies
Gender studies: interdisciplinary academic field examining gender and its intersection with race, class, sexuality; grew from 1970s women's studies, includes masculinity and queer studies, intersectionality; distinct from feminist activism.
Gender symbol
Gender symbols ♀ and ♂, from the planetary signs of Venus and Mars, denote female and male; extended Unicode characters U+26A2..U+26A9 cover sexuality, transgender, intersex, and genealogical uses.
Gender transition
Gender transition: the individualized process by which transgender people align life, body, and documents with gender identity, through social, medical (hormones, puberty blockers, surgery), and legal steps; medicalized since 1920s Berlin, adolescent care since the 1998 Dutch Protocol.
Gender Trouble
Gender Trouble (1990), Judith Butler's Routledge book on feminism and the subversion of identity, introduced gender performativity, argued gender does not follow from sex, and became foundational to queer theory.
Gender-affirming hormone therapy
Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is the medical administration of estrogen or testosterone, with adjunct antiandrogens or GnRH agonists, to align secondary sex characteristics with a person's gender identity.
Gender-affirming surgery
Gender-affirming surgery (sex reassignment surgery) aligns physical characteristics with gender identity, spanning vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, chest, and facial procedures; first recorded 1931 in Berlin, standardized by WPATH Standards of Care since 1979.
Gender-affirming vaginoplasty
Gender-affirming vaginoplasty is a surgical procedure that constructs a neovagina, labia, and clitoris as part of gender-affirming care, most often for transgender women, with penile inversion the main technique.
Gender-critical feminism
Gender-critical feminism, also called anti-trans feminism or TERFism, holds that womanhood is defined by immutable biological sex and opposes trans inclusion; roots in 1970s radical feminism, catalyzed by the 2018 UK GRA reform debate, and validated by the 2025 UK Supreme Court ruling.
Gender-neutral language
Gender-neutral language avoids specifying or presuming gender, replacing generic masculine forms like 'he' and 'man'. Singular 'they' dates to circa 1350; over 200 invented pronouns exist; Merriam-Webster recognized nonbinary 'they' in 2019.